Martin Luther King, Jr - Democratic Socialist
by Paul Street
ZNet Commentary (January 14 2006)
One of the many disturbing characteristics of dominant American ideology is the way it deletes radical-democratic beliefs from the official memory of certain acknowledged great historical personalities.
How many Americans know that the celebrated scientist Albert Einstein (voted the "Man of the 20th Century" by Time Magazine) was a self-proclaimed leftist who wrote an essay titled "Why Socialism" for the first issue of the venerable Marxist journal Monthly Review ? {1}
Probably about as many as who know that Helen Keller (typically recalled as an example of what people can attain through purely individual initiative or "self-help") was a radical fan of the Russian Revolution {2}.
Or that Thomas Jefferson despised the developing state capitalism of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, warning that it was creating a new absolutism of concentrated power more dangerous than the one Americans rebelled against in 1776 {3}.
We might also consider the all-too deleted radical egalitarianism of an itinerant Mediterranean Jewish peasant named Jesus. Jesus rejected the dominant classist cultural norms of his time by advocating and practicing open commensality (the shared taking of food by people of all classes, races, ethnicities, and genders) and by sharing material and spiritual gifts across the interrelated hierarchies of social and geographical place. As biblical scholar John Dominic Crossan notes, he saw the "Kingdom of God" as "a community of radical equality - unmediated by established brokers or fixed locations" {4}.
Along the way, Jesus is reputed to have said that it was easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter that kingdom. He condemned the personal accumulation of earthly treasures and made it clear that God was no respecter of rich persons. He insisted that one must serve either God or Mammon and pronounced the poor blessed and inheritors of the earth {5}.
Such radical sentiments are largely absent from the vapid, falsely comforting, reactionary, and institutionalized twaddle that has so long passed for "Christianity" in corporate America.
Another example of this radical historical whitewashing is provided by America's own Martin Luther King, Jr, whose "I Have a Dream" speech is routinely broadcast and praised across the land on the national holiday named for him. In the official, domesticated version of King's life, the great civil rights leader sought little more than the overthrow of Jim Crow segregation and voting rights for blacks in the US South. Beyond these victories, the "good Negro" that American ideological authorities wish for King to have been only wanted whites to be nicer to a select few African Americans - giving some small number of trusted blacks highly visible public positions (Secretary of State?), places on the Ten O'Clock News Team ... the right to manage a baseball team and/or an occasional Academy Award and/or their own television show.
How many Americans know that King was rather unimpressed by his movement's mid-1960s triumphs over southern racism (and his own 1964 Nobel Prize), viewing the Voting Rights and Civil Rights Acts as relatively partial and merely bourgeois accomplishments that dangerously encouraged mainstream white America to think that the nation's racial problems "were automatically solved"? How many know that King considered these early victories to have fallen far short of his deeper objective: advancing social, economic, political, and racial justice across the entire nation (including its northern, ghetto-scarred cities) and indeed around the world?
How many Americans know about the King who followed the defeat of open racism in the South by "turning North" in an effort to take the civil rights struggle to a radical new level?
It was one thing, this King told his colleagues, for blacks to win the right to sit at a lunch counter. It was another thing for black and other poor people to get the money to buy a lunch.
It was one thing, King argued, to open the doors of opportunity for some few and relatively privileged African Americans. It was another thing to move millions of black and other disadvantaged people out of economic despair. It was another and related thing to dismantle slums and overcome the deep structural and societal barriers to equality that continued after public bigotry was discredited and after open discrimination was outlawed.
It was one thing, King felt, to defeat the overt racism of snarling southerners like Bull Connor; it was another thing to confront the deeper, more covert institutional racism that lived beneath the less openly bigoted, smiling face of northern and urban liberalism.
It was one thing. King noted, to defeat the anachronistic caste structure of the South. It was another thing to attain substantive social and economic equality for black and other economically disadvantaged people across the entire nation {6}.
How many Americans know about the King who linked racial and social inequality at home to (American) imperialism and social disparity abroad, denouncing what he called "the triple evils that are interrelated": "racism, economic exploitation, and war"? "A nation that will keep people in slavery for 244 years", King told the Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC) in 1967, "will 'thingify' them - make them things. Therefore they will exploit them, and poor people generally, economically. And a nation that will exploit economically will have to have foreign investments and everything else, and will have to use its military might to protect them. All of these problems are tied together." {7}
How many Americans have been encouraged to know the King who responded to America's massive assault on Southeast Asia during the 1960s by pronouncing the US government "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today" {8}, adding (in words that ought to give George W Bush pause) that America had no business "fighting for the so-called freedom of the Vietnamese people when we have not put even our own [freedom] house in order?" {9}
In words that hold haunting relevance for George W Bush's supposedly divinely mandated war on Iraq, King proclaimed that "God didn't call American to do what she's doing in the world now. God didn't call America to engage in a senseless, unjust war, [such] as the war in Vietnam."
"And we", King added, "are criminals in that war. We have committed more war crimes almost than any other nation in the world and we won't stop because of our pride, our arrogance as a nation." {10}
How many know that King said a nation (the US) "approach[ed] spiritual death" when it spent billions of dollars feeding its costly, cancerous military industrial complex" while masses of its children lived in poverty in its outwardly prosperous cities {11}?
How many know the King who said that Americans should follow Jesus in being "maladjusted" and "divine[ly] dissatisifed ... until the the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort from the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice ... until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history and every family is living in a decent home ... [and] men will recognize that out of one blood God made all men to dwell upon the face of the earth"? {12}
How many know the King who told the SCLC that "the movement must address itself to the question of restructuring the whole of American society. There are forty million poor people", King elaborated for his colleagues. "And one day we must ask the question, 'Why are there forty million poor people in America?' And when you begin to ask that question, you are raising questions about the economic system, about a broader distribution of wealth. When you ask that question you begin to question the capitalistic economy."
"We are called upon", King told his fellow civil rights activists, "to help the discouraged beggars in life's marketplace. But one day", he argued, "we must come to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring. It means that [radical] questions must be raised ... 'Who owns the oil' ... 'Who owns the iron ore?' ... 'Why is it that people have to pay water bills in a world that is two-thirds water?'" {13}
How many know that King was a democratic socialist who thought that only "drastic reforms" involving the "radical reconstruction of society itself" could "save us from social catastrophe"? Consistent with Marx and contrary to bourgeois moralists like Charles Dickens, King argued that "the roots" of the economic injustice he sought to overcome "are in the [capitalist] system rather in men or faulty operations". {14}
Interestingly enough, the fourth officially de-radicalized historical character mentioned in this essay (King) saw through the conservative historical whitewashing of the third (Jesus). Here's how King described Jesus at the end of an essay published eight months after the civil rights leader was assassinated: "A voice out of Bethlehem two thousand years ago said that all men are equal ... Jesus of Nazareth wrote no books; he owned no property to endow him with influence. He had no friends in the courts of the powerful. But he changed the course of mankind with only the poor and the despised."
King concluded this final essay, titled "A Testament of Hope", with a strikingy radical claim, indicating his strong identification with society's most disadvantaged and outcast persons. "Naive and unsophisticated though we may be", King said, "the poor and despised of the twentieth century will revolutionize this era. In our 'arrogance, lawlessness, and ingratitude', we will fight for human justice, brotherhood, secure peace, and abundance for all." {15}
If I hadn't known better the first time I read that phrase, I might have attributed it to Eugene Debs.
Paul Street (pstreet@niu.edu) is currently teaching a course on the history of the civil rights movement at Northern Illinois University and is the author of Empire and Inequality: America and the World Since 9/11 (www.paradigmpublishers, 2004) and Segregated Schools: Educational Apartheid in the Post-Civil Rights Era (New York, New York: Routledge, 2005).
References:
1. Paul Street, "Einstein: Socialist of the Century", In These Times (February 21 2000).
2. James Loewn, Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Text Got Wrong (New York, 1995), pages 10-12, 22, 222.
3. Noam Chomsky, Power and Prospects: Reflections on Huiman Nature and the Social Order (Boston, 1996), pages 72, 87-89.
4. John Dominic Crossan. Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography (New York, 1995), page 101 (quote) and passim.
5. Mathew 19:20-24, 6:19, 6:24.
6. Martin Luther King, Jr, "A Testament of Hope", Playboy (January 1969), reproduced in King, The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr (New York, 1986), page 322; Martin Luther King, Jr, Where Do We Go From Here (New York 1967); David J Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr and the Southern Christian Leadership Council (New York, 1986), pages 420-624.
7. Martin Luther King, Jr, "Where Do We Go From Here?", speech published as "New Sense of Direction" in Worldviews, 15 (April 1972).
8. Martin Luther King, Jr, "A Time to Break the Silence", 1967 speech to Riverside Church published in Freedomways, 7 (Spring 1967).
9. Martin Luther King, Jr, "Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution", Congressional Record 114 (9 April 1968): 9395-9397.
10. Martin Luther King, Jr, "The Drum Major Instinct", February 4th 1968 speech, in King, A Testament of Hope, page 265
11. King, "A Time to Break the Silence".
12. Martin Luther King, Jr, "The Power of Nonviolence", Intercollegian (May 1958); "Where Do We Go From Here?"
13. King, "Where Do We Go From Here?"
14. King, "A Testament of Hope"; Martin Luther King, Jr, The Trumpet of Conscience (New York, 1967); Garrow, Bearing the Cross, pages 591-592; Michael Eric Dysoan, I May Not Get There With You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr (New York, 2000), pages 87-88.
15. "A Testament of Hope".
http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2006-01/14street.cfm
Bill Totten http://www.ashisuto.co.jp/english/index.html
ZNet Commentary (January 14 2006)
One of the many disturbing characteristics of dominant American ideology is the way it deletes radical-democratic beliefs from the official memory of certain acknowledged great historical personalities.
How many Americans know that the celebrated scientist Albert Einstein (voted the "Man of the 20th Century" by Time Magazine) was a self-proclaimed leftist who wrote an essay titled "Why Socialism" for the first issue of the venerable Marxist journal Monthly Review ? {1}
Probably about as many as who know that Helen Keller (typically recalled as an example of what people can attain through purely individual initiative or "self-help") was a radical fan of the Russian Revolution {2}.
Or that Thomas Jefferson despised the developing state capitalism of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, warning that it was creating a new absolutism of concentrated power more dangerous than the one Americans rebelled against in 1776 {3}.
We might also consider the all-too deleted radical egalitarianism of an itinerant Mediterranean Jewish peasant named Jesus. Jesus rejected the dominant classist cultural norms of his time by advocating and practicing open commensality (the shared taking of food by people of all classes, races, ethnicities, and genders) and by sharing material and spiritual gifts across the interrelated hierarchies of social and geographical place. As biblical scholar John Dominic Crossan notes, he saw the "Kingdom of God" as "a community of radical equality - unmediated by established brokers or fixed locations" {4}.
Along the way, Jesus is reputed to have said that it was easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter that kingdom. He condemned the personal accumulation of earthly treasures and made it clear that God was no respecter of rich persons. He insisted that one must serve either God or Mammon and pronounced the poor blessed and inheritors of the earth {5}.
Such radical sentiments are largely absent from the vapid, falsely comforting, reactionary, and institutionalized twaddle that has so long passed for "Christianity" in corporate America.
Another example of this radical historical whitewashing is provided by America's own Martin Luther King, Jr, whose "I Have a Dream" speech is routinely broadcast and praised across the land on the national holiday named for him. In the official, domesticated version of King's life, the great civil rights leader sought little more than the overthrow of Jim Crow segregation and voting rights for blacks in the US South. Beyond these victories, the "good Negro" that American ideological authorities wish for King to have been only wanted whites to be nicer to a select few African Americans - giving some small number of trusted blacks highly visible public positions (Secretary of State?), places on the Ten O'Clock News Team ... the right to manage a baseball team and/or an occasional Academy Award and/or their own television show.
How many Americans know that King was rather unimpressed by his movement's mid-1960s triumphs over southern racism (and his own 1964 Nobel Prize), viewing the Voting Rights and Civil Rights Acts as relatively partial and merely bourgeois accomplishments that dangerously encouraged mainstream white America to think that the nation's racial problems "were automatically solved"? How many know that King considered these early victories to have fallen far short of his deeper objective: advancing social, economic, political, and racial justice across the entire nation (including its northern, ghetto-scarred cities) and indeed around the world?
How many Americans know about the King who followed the defeat of open racism in the South by "turning North" in an effort to take the civil rights struggle to a radical new level?
It was one thing, this King told his colleagues, for blacks to win the right to sit at a lunch counter. It was another thing for black and other poor people to get the money to buy a lunch.
It was one thing, King argued, to open the doors of opportunity for some few and relatively privileged African Americans. It was another thing to move millions of black and other disadvantaged people out of economic despair. It was another and related thing to dismantle slums and overcome the deep structural and societal barriers to equality that continued after public bigotry was discredited and after open discrimination was outlawed.
It was one thing, King felt, to defeat the overt racism of snarling southerners like Bull Connor; it was another thing to confront the deeper, more covert institutional racism that lived beneath the less openly bigoted, smiling face of northern and urban liberalism.
It was one thing. King noted, to defeat the anachronistic caste structure of the South. It was another thing to attain substantive social and economic equality for black and other economically disadvantaged people across the entire nation {6}.
How many Americans know about the King who linked racial and social inequality at home to (American) imperialism and social disparity abroad, denouncing what he called "the triple evils that are interrelated": "racism, economic exploitation, and war"? "A nation that will keep people in slavery for 244 years", King told the Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC) in 1967, "will 'thingify' them - make them things. Therefore they will exploit them, and poor people generally, economically. And a nation that will exploit economically will have to have foreign investments and everything else, and will have to use its military might to protect them. All of these problems are tied together." {7}
How many Americans have been encouraged to know the King who responded to America's massive assault on Southeast Asia during the 1960s by pronouncing the US government "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today" {8}, adding (in words that ought to give George W Bush pause) that America had no business "fighting for the so-called freedom of the Vietnamese people when we have not put even our own [freedom] house in order?" {9}
In words that hold haunting relevance for George W Bush's supposedly divinely mandated war on Iraq, King proclaimed that "God didn't call American to do what she's doing in the world now. God didn't call America to engage in a senseless, unjust war, [such] as the war in Vietnam."
"And we", King added, "are criminals in that war. We have committed more war crimes almost than any other nation in the world and we won't stop because of our pride, our arrogance as a nation." {10}
How many know that King said a nation (the US) "approach[ed] spiritual death" when it spent billions of dollars feeding its costly, cancerous military industrial complex" while masses of its children lived in poverty in its outwardly prosperous cities {11}?
How many know the King who said that Americans should follow Jesus in being "maladjusted" and "divine[ly] dissatisifed ... until the the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort from the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice ... until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history and every family is living in a decent home ... [and] men will recognize that out of one blood God made all men to dwell upon the face of the earth"? {12}
How many know the King who told the SCLC that "the movement must address itself to the question of restructuring the whole of American society. There are forty million poor people", King elaborated for his colleagues. "And one day we must ask the question, 'Why are there forty million poor people in America?' And when you begin to ask that question, you are raising questions about the economic system, about a broader distribution of wealth. When you ask that question you begin to question the capitalistic economy."
"We are called upon", King told his fellow civil rights activists, "to help the discouraged beggars in life's marketplace. But one day", he argued, "we must come to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring. It means that [radical] questions must be raised ... 'Who owns the oil' ... 'Who owns the iron ore?' ... 'Why is it that people have to pay water bills in a world that is two-thirds water?'" {13}
How many know that King was a democratic socialist who thought that only "drastic reforms" involving the "radical reconstruction of society itself" could "save us from social catastrophe"? Consistent with Marx and contrary to bourgeois moralists like Charles Dickens, King argued that "the roots" of the economic injustice he sought to overcome "are in the [capitalist] system rather in men or faulty operations". {14}
Interestingly enough, the fourth officially de-radicalized historical character mentioned in this essay (King) saw through the conservative historical whitewashing of the third (Jesus). Here's how King described Jesus at the end of an essay published eight months after the civil rights leader was assassinated: "A voice out of Bethlehem two thousand years ago said that all men are equal ... Jesus of Nazareth wrote no books; he owned no property to endow him with influence. He had no friends in the courts of the powerful. But he changed the course of mankind with only the poor and the despised."
King concluded this final essay, titled "A Testament of Hope", with a strikingy radical claim, indicating his strong identification with society's most disadvantaged and outcast persons. "Naive and unsophisticated though we may be", King said, "the poor and despised of the twentieth century will revolutionize this era. In our 'arrogance, lawlessness, and ingratitude', we will fight for human justice, brotherhood, secure peace, and abundance for all." {15}
If I hadn't known better the first time I read that phrase, I might have attributed it to Eugene Debs.
Paul Street (pstreet@niu.edu) is currently teaching a course on the history of the civil rights movement at Northern Illinois University and is the author of Empire and Inequality: America and the World Since 9/11 (www.paradigmpublishers, 2004) and Segregated Schools: Educational Apartheid in the Post-Civil Rights Era (New York, New York: Routledge, 2005).
References:
1. Paul Street, "Einstein: Socialist of the Century", In These Times (February 21 2000).
2. James Loewn, Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Text Got Wrong (New York, 1995), pages 10-12, 22, 222.
3. Noam Chomsky, Power and Prospects: Reflections on Huiman Nature and the Social Order (Boston, 1996), pages 72, 87-89.
4. John Dominic Crossan. Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography (New York, 1995), page 101 (quote) and passim.
5. Mathew 19:20-24, 6:19, 6:24.
6. Martin Luther King, Jr, "A Testament of Hope", Playboy (January 1969), reproduced in King, The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr (New York, 1986), page 322; Martin Luther King, Jr, Where Do We Go From Here (New York 1967); David J Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr and the Southern Christian Leadership Council (New York, 1986), pages 420-624.
7. Martin Luther King, Jr, "Where Do We Go From Here?", speech published as "New Sense of Direction" in Worldviews, 15 (April 1972).
8. Martin Luther King, Jr, "A Time to Break the Silence", 1967 speech to Riverside Church published in Freedomways, 7 (Spring 1967).
9. Martin Luther King, Jr, "Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution", Congressional Record 114 (9 April 1968): 9395-9397.
10. Martin Luther King, Jr, "The Drum Major Instinct", February 4th 1968 speech, in King, A Testament of Hope, page 265
11. King, "A Time to Break the Silence".
12. Martin Luther King, Jr, "The Power of Nonviolence", Intercollegian (May 1958); "Where Do We Go From Here?"
13. King, "Where Do We Go From Here?"
14. King, "A Testament of Hope"; Martin Luther King, Jr, The Trumpet of Conscience (New York, 1967); Garrow, Bearing the Cross, pages 591-592; Michael Eric Dysoan, I May Not Get There With You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr (New York, 2000), pages 87-88.
15. "A Testament of Hope".
http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2006-01/14street.cfm
Bill Totten http://www.ashisuto.co.jp/english/index.html
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