Jeff Vail's "A Theory of Power"
by Dave Pollard
How to Save the World (December 05 2006)
Jeff Vail's short, free online book A Theory of Power {1} begins with a series of provocative theses:
* The best representation of our world, of what 'is', is not matter, but the connections between matter.
* These connections define 'power-relationships' - the ability of one entity to influence the action of another.
* The 'law' of evolution can therefore be restated as: if new patterns of forces can survive their impacts with one another, if they tend to hold together rather than tear apart, they then represent a stable collection of power-relationships which survive, self-replicate, and mutate into further new patterns which are in turn subject to the same law.
* This law applies to physical (matter), biological (gene) and cultural (meme) patterns; all matter and life and consciousness, and their evolution, are 'creatures' of their/our material, genetic and cultural constituents, created for the perpetuation of these patterns and sustained through their stable power-relationships.
* Because of the evolutionary success of memes (due to their ability to adapt and change much more quickly and successfully than genes), culture has come to play an increasingly dominant role in our planet's power-relationships.
* Most significantly, the advent of agriculture, which was provoked by climate change (the ice ages) brought about a necessary power shift from the individual to the group in the interest of memes' survival, to the point the individual became largely enslaved to the culture, and the survival of the civilization culture now outweighs in importance the survival of any of its members or communities.
* A consequence of that has been the advent of the codependent cultural constructs of market and state, and, as agriculture has enabled exponential growth in population and created new scarcities, egalitarian societies of abundance have given way to hierarchical societies of managed scarcity.
* This hierarchy has been further entrenched with the cultural evolution of technologies that enable even greater self-perpetuation of the memes that gave rise to it, and have led to the 'efficient' subjugation of the human individual to technology - that's the power-relationship that most supports the survival and stasis of the culture, and under it even those at the top of the hierarchy become slave-hosts to the memes and culture.
* These memes and culture can now self-perpetuate and thrive more effectively with technology and the artificial constructs of market and globalizations than they could with inefficient and unreliable human hosts, so technology growth is now even outstripping human growth, to the point that humans are becoming commodities and could even become redundant.
* So: if we are now becoming slaves to the machine-powered perpetuation of memes that are outgrowing their need for us (to the point that although catastrophic global warming and human extinction now seem inevitable, this is not something our meme-culture 'cares' about) can we, the human slaves, thanks to the genetic and memetic evolution of self-awareness, 'liberate' ourselves and defeat the meme-culture before it destroys us? In other words, can we consciously, collectively take control for the first time over power-relationships, and establish new power-relationships that put the genetic survival of the human race (and, hopefully, the survival of all other life on Earth on which that genetic survival depends) ahead of the reckless survival of the Frankenstein 'civilization' culture we have created?
Vail's answer to this final question is a qualified 'yes'. He argues that the way to establish power-relationships that put our genes' interest ahead of memes' is to "confront hierarchy with its opposite - rhizome - a web-like structure of connected but independent nodes", borrowing from successful models in nature of such structures. The working units (nodes) of this 'revolutionary' structure are self-sufficient, egalitarian communities, and the concept of 'ownership' in such communities is eliminated to prevent the reemergence of hierarchy.
Rhizome-based structures need to be developed and then institutionalized from the bottom up to replace hierarchical ones, Vail argues, in all areas of our society - social, political, economic, educational et cetera to entrench the power and sustainability of self-sufficient communities and render them invulnerable to re-expropriation of that power by hierarchies. In practical terms, he says:
"Power remains distributed to the level of the individual rhizome node through local, functional self-sufficiency - a modern equivalent to the Domestic Mode of Production. In other words, functional self-sufficiency means the ability to produce at the household level at least the minimum necessities for day-to-day existence without relying on outside agents or resources. Self-sufficiency removes the individual rhizome node from dependence on the standard set of outside suppliers. It does not eliminate exchange, but creates a situation where any exchange exists as a voluntary activity. The commodities that each node must provide for itself include staple foodstuffs, energy for heating, basic habitat and small group interaction."
Self-sufficient energy coops, and local permaculture-based food movements are examples of rhizome structures. Such networks are also the most effective means for the dissemination of information on how to make rhizome activities even more effective - they have much less signal loss than hierarchical methods that require information to flow up and then down controlled and constricted paths. Rhizomes are also, while less 'efficient', more effective and more resilient than hierarchies.
Next, Vail argues that, once established, to defend against attacks from vestiges of hierarchical systems, rhizome networks need to adopt asymmetrical methods - by reducing the desire of hierarchy to re-achieve power (for example, by making it difficult or unrewarding to do so on its own terms) and by becoming 'invisible' to the hierarchy (for example, dropping out quietly and not taking part in the hierarchy's social, political and economic activities). Vail concludes:
"A new vision, with individual freedom to pursue arts and spirituality, above the pettiness of bickering for power, may prove possible if we learn to control the powers that have dominated us throughout history. In the spirit of this vision, the message will ultimately fail if forced upon others. Only through personal example, by showing that a realistic and preferable alternative exists, will these concepts succeed on a large scale. We will act as pioneers, who will begin to create diverse rhizome nodes, each one representing an individual's struggle to solve the problems of hierarchy and human ontogeny. The more we learn and break free from the control of genes and memes, the more success these pioneers will have. Effective tools and practices will spread, and the rhizome network will grow and strengthen. As this network evolves, it will provide a realistic, implementable alternative to hierarchy - an alternative that fulfills our genetic ontogeny and empowers us as individuals. Nature has shown us that the structure of the rhizome can compete with hierarchy and stratification. When combined with an understanding of reality and humanity that makes us our own masters, we may finally learn from the events of the past ... and gain control of our future."
Natural Community
This is entirely consistent with the approach I have been arguing for - the bottom-up creation of a combination of working models of (a) self-sufficient, sustainable (probably polyamory) egalitarian intentional communities {2} operating under Gift Economy principles, (b) natural enterprises {3} and (c) peer-to-peer information and organization networks {4}.
The concern many have expressed about models like Vail's and mine is how to scale them up - how to get them to the 'tipping point' at which, like viruses, they start spreading quickly and supplant the old hierarchical ones. One approach Vail mentions is Hakim Bey's Temporary Autonomous Zones {5} (TAZs, or 'pirate utopias'). Bey's zones are based on the principles of (a) thirty to fifty person 'bands' replacing families (Bey quotes Gide: "Families, how I hate them! The misers of love!"), (b) a continuous 'festival' culture of conviviality, abundance, sharing, celebration, and joy and (c) no private ownership.
I really like the idea of a festival culture. Bey sees the zones as temporary (nomadic, to prevent their being attacked by the prevailing hierarchical culture). Vail says they will only be needed "until the size of the rhizome network provides enough power" to sustain them.
But that's not how viral models work in nature. They get a foothold and then replicate. Assuming we can create some successful working models without having them destroyed by fearful or envious corporatists (and though I'm perhaps naive, I don't think the establishment would be bothered to try to destroy them when they're below the radar screen, and after that it's too late), how might they replicate virally?
Suppose we were to invite people to just begin. We could use Open Space invitations to find the people who are ready to create some working models of TAZs. We could facilitate Open Space sessions to let invitees form TAZ 'tribes', each tribe consisting of about fifteen contiguous intentional community 'clans' of about 100 people, with each clan having two or three natural enterprise 'bands' operating within them. Then, any clan that was so popular that it attracted new members to grow beyond the magic number of 150 people would 'split' into two new intentional communities (members would self-select which of the two clans to belong to), and any tribe that exceeded about 2000 people would 'split' into two new tribes the same way. This is the way viruses replicate, and the way that some groups of animals instinctively hive off when their membership exceeds a certain threshold. As our rhizome-culture working models became more and more popular, and the hierarchical civilization culture collapses, we would simply and organically take over. Bottom-up, a model that has evolved to work replacing one that has ceased to function. That's life.
These sustainable, natural bands, clans and tribes would support each other through network connections, physical and technological. Each would be autonomous and self-sufficient, and evolve in its own self-determined, wonderfully diverse way.
The great challenge, of course, is finding arable land that can sustain these extraordinary experiments. One solution would be simply to wait until climate change, pandemic, economic collapse or other disasters depopulate an area to the point its land becomes free or nearly so. Another approach I've mentioned before is to find philanthropists willing to donate the land on a successful-efforts basis. Or, we they could start in Russia and other countries where serious depopulation has already begun.
Are you ready for this? Is the world?
_____
Endnotes
{1} http://www.jeffvail.net/atheoryofpower.pdf
{2} http://blogs.salon.com/0002007/2006/05/30.html#a1542
{3} http://blogs.salon.com/0002007/2006/07/03.html#a1577
{4} http://blogs.salon.com/0002007/2006/03/12.html#a1463
{5} http://hermetic.com/bey/taz3.html
{6} http://energybulletin.net/news.php?keywords=&author=vail&order=date&cat=0&startdate%5BF%5D=&startdate%5Bd%5D=&startdate%5BY%5D=&enddate%5BF%5D=&enddate%5Bd%5D=&enddate%5BY%5D=&action=search
Editorial Notes
Thanks to Dave Pollard for an excellent summary, as well as his thoughts on the book. We've run several of Jeff Vail's articles {6} and are interested in his theories. Although they are abstract and not easy to digest, the theories make explicit ideas that seem to be on the minds of many people.
Vail's theory about "rhizome" structures has a lot of applications today: the permaculture movement, guerrilla warfare, the Web, the peak oil blogosphere ...
The idea of rhizome social structures as an alternative to hierarchy has historical roots:
* Communitarian anarchism, as in the works of Peter Kropotkin
* Utopian socialism
* A strain within libertarianism, voiced by Karl Hess.
* Jeffersonian democracy and agrarianism (as in the works of Wendell Berry).
* The self-sufficiency and commune movements of 1960s and 1970s, as well as the back-to-the-land movements of the 1930s and 1940s, and communal movements in the 19th century (for example, Shakers).
* Many traditional and peasant cultures have similar elements.
Jeff Vail's blog is A Theory of Power, www.jeffvail.net
http://www.energybulletin.net/newswire.php?id=23319
http://blogs.salon.com/0002007/2006/12/04.html#a1716
Bill Totten http://www.ashisuto.co.jp/english/index.html
How to Save the World (December 05 2006)
Jeff Vail's short, free online book A Theory of Power {1} begins with a series of provocative theses:
* The best representation of our world, of what 'is', is not matter, but the connections between matter.
* These connections define 'power-relationships' - the ability of one entity to influence the action of another.
* The 'law' of evolution can therefore be restated as: if new patterns of forces can survive their impacts with one another, if they tend to hold together rather than tear apart, they then represent a stable collection of power-relationships which survive, self-replicate, and mutate into further new patterns which are in turn subject to the same law.
* This law applies to physical (matter), biological (gene) and cultural (meme) patterns; all matter and life and consciousness, and their evolution, are 'creatures' of their/our material, genetic and cultural constituents, created for the perpetuation of these patterns and sustained through their stable power-relationships.
* Because of the evolutionary success of memes (due to their ability to adapt and change much more quickly and successfully than genes), culture has come to play an increasingly dominant role in our planet's power-relationships.
* Most significantly, the advent of agriculture, which was provoked by climate change (the ice ages) brought about a necessary power shift from the individual to the group in the interest of memes' survival, to the point the individual became largely enslaved to the culture, and the survival of the civilization culture now outweighs in importance the survival of any of its members or communities.
* A consequence of that has been the advent of the codependent cultural constructs of market and state, and, as agriculture has enabled exponential growth in population and created new scarcities, egalitarian societies of abundance have given way to hierarchical societies of managed scarcity.
* This hierarchy has been further entrenched with the cultural evolution of technologies that enable even greater self-perpetuation of the memes that gave rise to it, and have led to the 'efficient' subjugation of the human individual to technology - that's the power-relationship that most supports the survival and stasis of the culture, and under it even those at the top of the hierarchy become slave-hosts to the memes and culture.
* These memes and culture can now self-perpetuate and thrive more effectively with technology and the artificial constructs of market and globalizations than they could with inefficient and unreliable human hosts, so technology growth is now even outstripping human growth, to the point that humans are becoming commodities and could even become redundant.
* So: if we are now becoming slaves to the machine-powered perpetuation of memes that are outgrowing their need for us (to the point that although catastrophic global warming and human extinction now seem inevitable, this is not something our meme-culture 'cares' about) can we, the human slaves, thanks to the genetic and memetic evolution of self-awareness, 'liberate' ourselves and defeat the meme-culture before it destroys us? In other words, can we consciously, collectively take control for the first time over power-relationships, and establish new power-relationships that put the genetic survival of the human race (and, hopefully, the survival of all other life on Earth on which that genetic survival depends) ahead of the reckless survival of the Frankenstein 'civilization' culture we have created?
Vail's answer to this final question is a qualified 'yes'. He argues that the way to establish power-relationships that put our genes' interest ahead of memes' is to "confront hierarchy with its opposite - rhizome - a web-like structure of connected but independent nodes", borrowing from successful models in nature of such structures. The working units (nodes) of this 'revolutionary' structure are self-sufficient, egalitarian communities, and the concept of 'ownership' in such communities is eliminated to prevent the reemergence of hierarchy.
Rhizome-based structures need to be developed and then institutionalized from the bottom up to replace hierarchical ones, Vail argues, in all areas of our society - social, political, economic, educational et cetera to entrench the power and sustainability of self-sufficient communities and render them invulnerable to re-expropriation of that power by hierarchies. In practical terms, he says:
"Power remains distributed to the level of the individual rhizome node through local, functional self-sufficiency - a modern equivalent to the Domestic Mode of Production. In other words, functional self-sufficiency means the ability to produce at the household level at least the minimum necessities for day-to-day existence without relying on outside agents or resources. Self-sufficiency removes the individual rhizome node from dependence on the standard set of outside suppliers. It does not eliminate exchange, but creates a situation where any exchange exists as a voluntary activity. The commodities that each node must provide for itself include staple foodstuffs, energy for heating, basic habitat and small group interaction."
Self-sufficient energy coops, and local permaculture-based food movements are examples of rhizome structures. Such networks are also the most effective means for the dissemination of information on how to make rhizome activities even more effective - they have much less signal loss than hierarchical methods that require information to flow up and then down controlled and constricted paths. Rhizomes are also, while less 'efficient', more effective and more resilient than hierarchies.
Next, Vail argues that, once established, to defend against attacks from vestiges of hierarchical systems, rhizome networks need to adopt asymmetrical methods - by reducing the desire of hierarchy to re-achieve power (for example, by making it difficult or unrewarding to do so on its own terms) and by becoming 'invisible' to the hierarchy (for example, dropping out quietly and not taking part in the hierarchy's social, political and economic activities). Vail concludes:
"A new vision, with individual freedom to pursue arts and spirituality, above the pettiness of bickering for power, may prove possible if we learn to control the powers that have dominated us throughout history. In the spirit of this vision, the message will ultimately fail if forced upon others. Only through personal example, by showing that a realistic and preferable alternative exists, will these concepts succeed on a large scale. We will act as pioneers, who will begin to create diverse rhizome nodes, each one representing an individual's struggle to solve the problems of hierarchy and human ontogeny. The more we learn and break free from the control of genes and memes, the more success these pioneers will have. Effective tools and practices will spread, and the rhizome network will grow and strengthen. As this network evolves, it will provide a realistic, implementable alternative to hierarchy - an alternative that fulfills our genetic ontogeny and empowers us as individuals. Nature has shown us that the structure of the rhizome can compete with hierarchy and stratification. When combined with an understanding of reality and humanity that makes us our own masters, we may finally learn from the events of the past ... and gain control of our future."
Natural Community
This is entirely consistent with the approach I have been arguing for - the bottom-up creation of a combination of working models of (a) self-sufficient, sustainable (probably polyamory) egalitarian intentional communities {2} operating under Gift Economy principles, (b) natural enterprises {3} and (c) peer-to-peer information and organization networks {4}.
The concern many have expressed about models like Vail's and mine is how to scale them up - how to get them to the 'tipping point' at which, like viruses, they start spreading quickly and supplant the old hierarchical ones. One approach Vail mentions is Hakim Bey's Temporary Autonomous Zones {5} (TAZs, or 'pirate utopias'). Bey's zones are based on the principles of (a) thirty to fifty person 'bands' replacing families (Bey quotes Gide: "Families, how I hate them! The misers of love!"), (b) a continuous 'festival' culture of conviviality, abundance, sharing, celebration, and joy and (c) no private ownership.
I really like the idea of a festival culture. Bey sees the zones as temporary (nomadic, to prevent their being attacked by the prevailing hierarchical culture). Vail says they will only be needed "until the size of the rhizome network provides enough power" to sustain them.
But that's not how viral models work in nature. They get a foothold and then replicate. Assuming we can create some successful working models without having them destroyed by fearful or envious corporatists (and though I'm perhaps naive, I don't think the establishment would be bothered to try to destroy them when they're below the radar screen, and after that it's too late), how might they replicate virally?
Suppose we were to invite people to just begin. We could use Open Space invitations to find the people who are ready to create some working models of TAZs. We could facilitate Open Space sessions to let invitees form TAZ 'tribes', each tribe consisting of about fifteen contiguous intentional community 'clans' of about 100 people, with each clan having two or three natural enterprise 'bands' operating within them. Then, any clan that was so popular that it attracted new members to grow beyond the magic number of 150 people would 'split' into two new intentional communities (members would self-select which of the two clans to belong to), and any tribe that exceeded about 2000 people would 'split' into two new tribes the same way. This is the way viruses replicate, and the way that some groups of animals instinctively hive off when their membership exceeds a certain threshold. As our rhizome-culture working models became more and more popular, and the hierarchical civilization culture collapses, we would simply and organically take over. Bottom-up, a model that has evolved to work replacing one that has ceased to function. That's life.
These sustainable, natural bands, clans and tribes would support each other through network connections, physical and technological. Each would be autonomous and self-sufficient, and evolve in its own self-determined, wonderfully diverse way.
The great challenge, of course, is finding arable land that can sustain these extraordinary experiments. One solution would be simply to wait until climate change, pandemic, economic collapse or other disasters depopulate an area to the point its land becomes free or nearly so. Another approach I've mentioned before is to find philanthropists willing to donate the land on a successful-efforts basis. Or, we they could start in Russia and other countries where serious depopulation has already begun.
Are you ready for this? Is the world?
_____
Endnotes
{1} http://www.jeffvail.net/atheoryofpower.pdf
{2} http://blogs.salon.com/0002007/2006/05/30.html#a1542
{3} http://blogs.salon.com/0002007/2006/07/03.html#a1577
{4} http://blogs.salon.com/0002007/2006/03/12.html#a1463
{5} http://hermetic.com/bey/taz3.html
{6} http://energybulletin.net/news.php?keywords=&author=vail&order=date&cat=0&startdate%5BF%5D=&startdate%5Bd%5D=&startdate%5BY%5D=&enddate%5BF%5D=&enddate%5Bd%5D=&enddate%5BY%5D=&action=search
Editorial Notes
Thanks to Dave Pollard for an excellent summary, as well as his thoughts on the book. We've run several of Jeff Vail's articles {6} and are interested in his theories. Although they are abstract and not easy to digest, the theories make explicit ideas that seem to be on the minds of many people.
Vail's theory about "rhizome" structures has a lot of applications today: the permaculture movement, guerrilla warfare, the Web, the peak oil blogosphere ...
The idea of rhizome social structures as an alternative to hierarchy has historical roots:
* Communitarian anarchism, as in the works of Peter Kropotkin
* Utopian socialism
* A strain within libertarianism, voiced by Karl Hess.
* Jeffersonian democracy and agrarianism (as in the works of Wendell Berry).
* The self-sufficiency and commune movements of 1960s and 1970s, as well as the back-to-the-land movements of the 1930s and 1940s, and communal movements in the 19th century (for example, Shakers).
* Many traditional and peasant cultures have similar elements.
Jeff Vail's blog is A Theory of Power, www.jeffvail.net
http://www.energybulletin.net/newswire.php?id=23319
http://blogs.salon.com/0002007/2006/12/04.html#a1716
Bill Totten http://www.ashisuto.co.jp/english/index.html
posted by Bill Totten at
4:35 PM
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