The Other Bail-Out
Another set of corporations is pressing for public money. Governments should let them die.
by George Monbiot
The Guardian (October 07 2008)
While all eyes were fixed on the banking bail-out, a bucketload of public money was quietly sloshed into the pockets of another undeserving cause. Last week, George Bush agreed to lend $25 billion to US car manufacturers. It's a soft loan, which will cost the government $7.5 billion {1}. Few people noticed; fewer fought it. The House of Representatives approved the measure by 370 votes to 58. The great corporate bail-out is spreading like the plague.
It has already crossed the Atlantic. Yesterday European car makers demanded that the EU hand them forty billion Euros ($54bn) in cheap loans to match the US subsidy {2}. Where will the public spending spree end?
The motor companies in both Europe and the US claim they need these loans to help them go green. They will invest the money in a new generation of environmental technologies, which will allow them to meet the efficiency standards their governments are setting. There is more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents ... but how strange this green enthusiasm seems, now that there's the smell of public money in the air. For the past ten years the car manufacturers have driven every useful green initiative into the wall.
In 1998 European car makers promised to show that they could cut their greenhouse gases voluntarily. By the end of 2008, they pledged, they would reduce the average emissions produced by their cars from 190 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre to 140. How well have they done? By the end of last year they had cut average pollution to 158g/km across Europe {3} and 165g/km in the UK {4}: they will miss their target by some forty per cent.
Discerning, only ten years too late, that lobby groups' promises are worth as much as a share in Lehman Brothers, in 2006 the European Commission announced that it would set compulsory standards: by 2012 all manufacturers would have to reduce their average carbon dioxide emissions to 120g/km. It looked like progress, until you remembered that 120g was the target proposed by the EU in 1994, to be met by 2005 {5}. It was repeatedly delayed by industry lobbying.
Last year the 2012 target fell to the same forces. Angela Merkel, lobbying on behalf of companies like DaimlerChrysler and BMW, demanded that the European Commission put the brakes on {6,7}. (Ironically it was Merkel, as the idealistic young German environment minister, who first proposed the target of 120g by 2005 {8}.) The commission agreed to revise the figure to 130g, and to cover the gap by raising the contribution from biofuels. Since then we've seen hard evidence that most biofuels, as well as spreading starvation, produce more greenhouse gases than petrol {9, 10, 11}, but the policy remains unchanged.
Now the pollutocrats are whinging that they can't meet the 130g target either. A month ago they persuaded the European Parliament's industry committee to take up their case: it proposed postponing the target until 2015, reducing the fines if they don't comply and allowing manufacturers to offset eco-innovations against the target even if these don't actually reduce emissions {12}. These invertebrates, in other words, proposed to grant official approval to industry greenwash. Fortunately this scam was rejected two weeks ago by the parliament's environment committee {13}.
In the US, manufacturers have still not reached the standard (an average of 27.5 miles per gallon) that they were supposed to have met, under the Energy Policy Conservation Act, by 1985 {14}. The average car sold in the States today is less efficient than the 1908 Model T Ford {15, 16}.
What makes this dithering so frustrating is that to be talking, in 2008, about targets of 130 or 120 grams per kilometre is a bit like discussing whether modern computers should have ten rows of sliding beads or 100. In 1974 a stripped-down 1959 Opel T-1 managed 377 miles to the US gallon (160 kilometres per liter) {17}, which equates to fifteen grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre {18}. There is no technical reason why the maximum limit for mass-produced cars shouldn't be 50g/km.
Nor is there a good commercial reason. A poll by the Newspaper Marketing Agency shows that eighty per cent of car buyers say economy is now more important to them than performance {19}. The car industry's technological failure results entirely from lobbying by the companies now demanding public money to go green. They want to squeeze every last drop from existing technologies before switching to better models.
Their sabotage of green technology has been both subtle and comprehensive. The film Who Killed The Electric Car? shows how the manufacturers, working with oil companies and corrupt officials, sank California's attempt to change vehicle technologies {20}. Having bumped off battery power, they persuaded the federal government to pour money instead into hydrogen vehicles, aware that the technological hurdles are so high that a cheap, mass-produced model might never be possible. Electric cars, by contrast, have been ready for the mass market for almost a century. The $1.2 billion that the US government is spending on research and development for hydrogen cars {21} - like the two billion Euros pledged to the same quest by the European Union {22, 23} - is a subsidy for avoiding technological change.
Now, after so much procrastination, the car makers have the flaming cheek to demand public money to pursue the policies they have spent fifty years and millions of dollars crushing. Of course, the "green loans" they are soliciting are nothing of the kind. Funding better environmental performance is simply an excuse for bailing out another failing industry. As a result of the credit crunch and high oil prices, new car registrations in the UK fell by 21% last month {24}. In the US, sales by the major manufacturers have declined this year by between twenty 20 and 35 per cent {25}.
There is no need to spend a penny of public money on greening the motor industry. As a recent report by the House of Commons environmental audit committee shows, you could achieve the same outcome by creating a bigger differential between vehicle tax bands: it proposes that people buying the least efficient cars should pay around GBP 2000 more per year than those buying the most efficient {26}. This would kill the market for gas guzzlers and force the industry to make the changes it has long resisted.
But the government has taken all the flak a good tax policy would have generated for very little gain. Its controversial new vehicle tax banding will save a mere 0.16 million tonnes of carbon dioxide per year {27}: a drop in the acidifying ocean. At scarcely greater political cost it could have hammered emissions and generated much of the money it needs to revolutionise public transport. Again there has been a historical slide: between 1920 and 1948 cars were taxed at one GBP per horsepower {28}: in real terms (and in some cases in nominal terms {29}) a far higher rate for gas guzzlers than today's.
But subsidies are what governments pay when regulation doesn't happen. If you don't have the guts to force companies to do something, you must bribe them instead. It's a fair guess that European car makers will still fail to meet their environmental targets, even if they get the money they're demanding. The greenest thing governments could do is to allow these foot-dragging, planet-eating spongers to go under.
www.monbiot.com
References:
{1} Bernard Simon, 25th September 2008. House clears $25bn for carmakers. Financial Times.
{2} ACEA (the European Automobile Manufacturers Association), 6th October 2008. European auto industry calls on EU to help sustain changeover to low-emission car fleet. http://www.acea.be/index.php/news/news_detail/european_auto_industry_calls_on_eu_to_help_sustain_changeover_to_low_emissi
{3} European Federation for Transport and Environment, August 2008. Reducing CO2 Emissions from New Cars: A Study of Major Car Manufacturers' Progress in 2007.
{4} Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership, 18th March 2008. Average UK new car CO2 emissions fell 1.4% in 2007. http://www.lowcvp.org.uk/news/866/bulletin/
{5} European Federation for Transport and Environment, 26th August 2008. BMW leaps ahead on new car CO2 emissions, others still stalling.
http://www.transportenvironment.org/News/2008/8/BMW-leaps-ahead-on-new-car-CO2-emissions-others-still-stalling/
{6} George Parker and Andrew Bounds, 31st January 2007. Brussels climbdown on car emissions. Financial Times.
{7} European Commission, 7th February 2007. Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars. Press release. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/155&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
{8} European Federation for Transport and Environment, 26th August 2008, ibid.
{9} Joseph Fargione, Jason Hill, David Tilman, Stephen Polasky, Peter Hawthorne, 7th February 2008. Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt. Science. Doi 10.1126/science.1152747.
{10} Timothy Searchinger, Ralph Heimlich, R. A. Houghton, Fengxia Dong, Amani Elobeid, Jacinto Fabiosa, Simla Tokgoz, Dermot Hayes, Tun-Hsiang Yu, 7th February 2008. Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land Use Change . Science. Doi 10.1126/science.1151861.
{11} PJ Crutzen, AR Mosier, KA Smith and W Winiwarter, 1 August 2007. N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, pp11191?11205. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/11191/2007/acpd-7-11191-2007.pdf
{12} European Federation for Transport and Environment, 16th September 2008. MEPs' call for ‘phased' CO2 limits amounts to a postponement, IEEP study shows.
http://www.transportenvironment.org/News/2008/9/MEPs-call-for-phased-CO2-limits-amounts-to-a-postponement-IEEP-study-shows/
{13} European Federation for Transport and Environment, 25th September 2008. MEPs stand up for fuel-efficient cars.
http://www.transportenvironment.org/News/2008/9/MEPs-stand-up-for-fuel-efficient-cars/
{14} Kathy Gill, 28th April 2006. CAFE (Fuel Efficiency) Standards for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks. http://uspolitics.about.com/od/energy/i/cafe_standards.htm
{15} The estimated average fuel efficiency for cars, including SUVs and pickups, in the US in 2008 is 20.8 mpg. http://epa.gov/otaq/cert/mpg/fetrends/420s08003.pdf
{16} In 1908 the Ford Model T ran at 25mpg. Detroit News, 4th June 2003, cited by Want to Know, 11th July 2005. http://www.wanttoknow.info/050711carmileageaveragempg
{17} See http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/souped_down_old.php
{18} According to Audi, 100km/l equates to 23.8gCO2/km.
http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/cms4imp/audi2/company/financial_information/pdf_0803.Par.0103.File.pdf
{19} Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership, 27th September 2008. Survey shows more buyers want low emission cars.
http://www.lowcvp.org.uk/news/1013/survey-shows-more-buyers-want-low-emission-cars/
{20} http://www.whokilledtheelectriccar.com/
{21} Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, no date given. Hydrogen Fuel Initiative. Research and Development Funding in the President's 2007 Budget.
http://www.ostp.gov/pdf/1pger_hydrogenfueliniative.pdf
{22} No author, 16th August 2003. The clean green energy dream. New Scientist: Energy Special - Hydrogen.
{23} The allocation for the current Framework Programme is E470m. European Union, 10th October 2007. The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology
Initiative. Press release. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/07/404&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
{24} BBC Online, 6th October 2008. New car registrations fall by 21%. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7654648.stm
{25} Suzy Jagger, 2nd October 2008. US carmakers forced to wait for $25bn ‘green' loan. The Times.
{26} House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 4th August 2008. Vehicle Excise Duty as an environmental tax. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmenvaud/907/907.pdf
{27} ibid.
{28} ibid.
{29} The top standard rate of vehicle excise duty from 2010 will be GBP 455. The Mercedes-Benz SL is 604hp; the Lamborghini Murcielago is 640. http://www.autobytel.com/content/research/top10/index.cfm/action/highhorsepower/vehicleclass/sprt/listtype/9
http://www.monbiot.com/archives/2008/10/07/the-other-bail-out/
Bill Totten http://www.ashisuto.co.jp/english/index.html
by George Monbiot
The Guardian (October 07 2008)
While all eyes were fixed on the banking bail-out, a bucketload of public money was quietly sloshed into the pockets of another undeserving cause. Last week, George Bush agreed to lend $25 billion to US car manufacturers. It's a soft loan, which will cost the government $7.5 billion {1}. Few people noticed; fewer fought it. The House of Representatives approved the measure by 370 votes to 58. The great corporate bail-out is spreading like the plague.
It has already crossed the Atlantic. Yesterday European car makers demanded that the EU hand them forty billion Euros ($54bn) in cheap loans to match the US subsidy {2}. Where will the public spending spree end?
The motor companies in both Europe and the US claim they need these loans to help them go green. They will invest the money in a new generation of environmental technologies, which will allow them to meet the efficiency standards their governments are setting. There is more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents ... but how strange this green enthusiasm seems, now that there's the smell of public money in the air. For the past ten years the car manufacturers have driven every useful green initiative into the wall.
In 1998 European car makers promised to show that they could cut their greenhouse gases voluntarily. By the end of 2008, they pledged, they would reduce the average emissions produced by their cars from 190 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre to 140. How well have they done? By the end of last year they had cut average pollution to 158g/km across Europe {3} and 165g/km in the UK {4}: they will miss their target by some forty per cent.
Discerning, only ten years too late, that lobby groups' promises are worth as much as a share in Lehman Brothers, in 2006 the European Commission announced that it would set compulsory standards: by 2012 all manufacturers would have to reduce their average carbon dioxide emissions to 120g/km. It looked like progress, until you remembered that 120g was the target proposed by the EU in 1994, to be met by 2005 {5}. It was repeatedly delayed by industry lobbying.
Last year the 2012 target fell to the same forces. Angela Merkel, lobbying on behalf of companies like DaimlerChrysler and BMW, demanded that the European Commission put the brakes on {6,7}. (Ironically it was Merkel, as the idealistic young German environment minister, who first proposed the target of 120g by 2005 {8}.) The commission agreed to revise the figure to 130g, and to cover the gap by raising the contribution from biofuels. Since then we've seen hard evidence that most biofuels, as well as spreading starvation, produce more greenhouse gases than petrol {9, 10, 11}, but the policy remains unchanged.
Now the pollutocrats are whinging that they can't meet the 130g target either. A month ago they persuaded the European Parliament's industry committee to take up their case: it proposed postponing the target until 2015, reducing the fines if they don't comply and allowing manufacturers to offset eco-innovations against the target even if these don't actually reduce emissions {12}. These invertebrates, in other words, proposed to grant official approval to industry greenwash. Fortunately this scam was rejected two weeks ago by the parliament's environment committee {13}.
In the US, manufacturers have still not reached the standard (an average of 27.5 miles per gallon) that they were supposed to have met, under the Energy Policy Conservation Act, by 1985 {14}. The average car sold in the States today is less efficient than the 1908 Model T Ford {15, 16}.
What makes this dithering so frustrating is that to be talking, in 2008, about targets of 130 or 120 grams per kilometre is a bit like discussing whether modern computers should have ten rows of sliding beads or 100. In 1974 a stripped-down 1959 Opel T-1 managed 377 miles to the US gallon (160 kilometres per liter) {17}, which equates to fifteen grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre {18}. There is no technical reason why the maximum limit for mass-produced cars shouldn't be 50g/km.
Nor is there a good commercial reason. A poll by the Newspaper Marketing Agency shows that eighty per cent of car buyers say economy is now more important to them than performance {19}. The car industry's technological failure results entirely from lobbying by the companies now demanding public money to go green. They want to squeeze every last drop from existing technologies before switching to better models.
Their sabotage of green technology has been both subtle and comprehensive. The film Who Killed The Electric Car? shows how the manufacturers, working with oil companies and corrupt officials, sank California's attempt to change vehicle technologies {20}. Having bumped off battery power, they persuaded the federal government to pour money instead into hydrogen vehicles, aware that the technological hurdles are so high that a cheap, mass-produced model might never be possible. Electric cars, by contrast, have been ready for the mass market for almost a century. The $1.2 billion that the US government is spending on research and development for hydrogen cars {21} - like the two billion Euros pledged to the same quest by the European Union {22, 23} - is a subsidy for avoiding technological change.
Now, after so much procrastination, the car makers have the flaming cheek to demand public money to pursue the policies they have spent fifty years and millions of dollars crushing. Of course, the "green loans" they are soliciting are nothing of the kind. Funding better environmental performance is simply an excuse for bailing out another failing industry. As a result of the credit crunch and high oil prices, new car registrations in the UK fell by 21% last month {24}. In the US, sales by the major manufacturers have declined this year by between twenty 20 and 35 per cent {25}.
There is no need to spend a penny of public money on greening the motor industry. As a recent report by the House of Commons environmental audit committee shows, you could achieve the same outcome by creating a bigger differential between vehicle tax bands: it proposes that people buying the least efficient cars should pay around GBP 2000 more per year than those buying the most efficient {26}. This would kill the market for gas guzzlers and force the industry to make the changes it has long resisted.
But the government has taken all the flak a good tax policy would have generated for very little gain. Its controversial new vehicle tax banding will save a mere 0.16 million tonnes of carbon dioxide per year {27}: a drop in the acidifying ocean. At scarcely greater political cost it could have hammered emissions and generated much of the money it needs to revolutionise public transport. Again there has been a historical slide: between 1920 and 1948 cars were taxed at one GBP per horsepower {28}: in real terms (and in some cases in nominal terms {29}) a far higher rate for gas guzzlers than today's.
But subsidies are what governments pay when regulation doesn't happen. If you don't have the guts to force companies to do something, you must bribe them instead. It's a fair guess that European car makers will still fail to meet their environmental targets, even if they get the money they're demanding. The greenest thing governments could do is to allow these foot-dragging, planet-eating spongers to go under.
www.monbiot.com
References:
{1} Bernard Simon, 25th September 2008. House clears $25bn for carmakers. Financial Times.
{2} ACEA (the European Automobile Manufacturers Association), 6th October 2008. European auto industry calls on EU to help sustain changeover to low-emission car fleet. http://www.acea.be/index.php/news/news_detail/european_auto_industry_calls_on_eu_to_help_sustain_changeover_to_low_emissi
{3} European Federation for Transport and Environment, August 2008. Reducing CO2 Emissions from New Cars: A Study of Major Car Manufacturers' Progress in 2007.
{4} Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership, 18th March 2008. Average UK new car CO2 emissions fell 1.4% in 2007. http://www.lowcvp.org.uk/news/866/bulletin/
{5} European Federation for Transport and Environment, 26th August 2008. BMW leaps ahead on new car CO2 emissions, others still stalling.
http://www.transportenvironment.org/News/2008/8/BMW-leaps-ahead-on-new-car-CO2-emissions-others-still-stalling/
{6} George Parker and Andrew Bounds, 31st January 2007. Brussels climbdown on car emissions. Financial Times.
{7} European Commission, 7th February 2007. Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars. Press release. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/155&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
{8} European Federation for Transport and Environment, 26th August 2008, ibid.
{9} Joseph Fargione, Jason Hill, David Tilman, Stephen Polasky, Peter Hawthorne, 7th February 2008. Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt. Science. Doi 10.1126/science.1152747.
{10} Timothy Searchinger, Ralph Heimlich, R. A. Houghton, Fengxia Dong, Amani Elobeid, Jacinto Fabiosa, Simla Tokgoz, Dermot Hayes, Tun-Hsiang Yu, 7th February 2008. Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land Use Change . Science. Doi 10.1126/science.1151861.
{11} PJ Crutzen, AR Mosier, KA Smith and W Winiwarter, 1 August 2007. N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, pp11191?11205. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/11191/2007/acpd-7-11191-2007.pdf
{12} European Federation for Transport and Environment, 16th September 2008. MEPs' call for ‘phased' CO2 limits amounts to a postponement, IEEP study shows.
http://www.transportenvironment.org/News/2008/9/MEPs-call-for-phased-CO2-limits-amounts-to-a-postponement-IEEP-study-shows/
{13} European Federation for Transport and Environment, 25th September 2008. MEPs stand up for fuel-efficient cars.
http://www.transportenvironment.org/News/2008/9/MEPs-stand-up-for-fuel-efficient-cars/
{14} Kathy Gill, 28th April 2006. CAFE (Fuel Efficiency) Standards for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks. http://uspolitics.about.com/od/energy/i/cafe_standards.htm
{15} The estimated average fuel efficiency for cars, including SUVs and pickups, in the US in 2008 is 20.8 mpg. http://epa.gov/otaq/cert/mpg/fetrends/420s08003.pdf
{16} In 1908 the Ford Model T ran at 25mpg. Detroit News, 4th June 2003, cited by Want to Know, 11th July 2005. http://www.wanttoknow.info/050711carmileageaveragempg
{17} See http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/souped_down_old.php
{18} According to Audi, 100km/l equates to 23.8gCO2/km.
http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/cms4imp/audi2/company/financial_information/pdf_0803.Par.0103.File.pdf
{19} Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership, 27th September 2008. Survey shows more buyers want low emission cars.
http://www.lowcvp.org.uk/news/1013/survey-shows-more-buyers-want-low-emission-cars/
{20} http://www.whokilledtheelectriccar.com/
{21} Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, no date given. Hydrogen Fuel Initiative. Research and Development Funding in the President's 2007 Budget.
http://www.ostp.gov/pdf/1pger_hydrogenfueliniative.pdf
{22} No author, 16th August 2003. The clean green energy dream. New Scientist: Energy Special - Hydrogen.
{23} The allocation for the current Framework Programme is E470m. European Union, 10th October 2007. The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology
Initiative. Press release. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/07/404&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
{24} BBC Online, 6th October 2008. New car registrations fall by 21%. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7654648.stm
{25} Suzy Jagger, 2nd October 2008. US carmakers forced to wait for $25bn ‘green' loan. The Times.
{26} House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 4th August 2008. Vehicle Excise Duty as an environmental tax. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmenvaud/907/907.pdf
{27} ibid.
{28} ibid.
{29} The top standard rate of vehicle excise duty from 2010 will be GBP 455. The Mercedes-Benz SL is 604hp; the Lamborghini Murcielago is 640. http://www.autobytel.com/content/research/top10/index.cfm/action/highhorsepower/vehicleclass/sprt/listtype/9
http://www.monbiot.com/archives/2008/10/07/the-other-bail-out/
Bill Totten http://www.ashisuto.co.jp/english/index.html
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