The Imminent Crash Of The Oil Supply
What Is Going To Happen And Why Weren't We Forewarned?
by Nicholas C Arguimbau
Information Clearing House (April 23 2010)
Look at this graph {1} and be afraid. It does not come from Earth First. It does not come from the Sierra Club. It was not drawn by Socialists or Nazis or Osama Bin Laden or anyone from Goldman-Sachs. If you are a Republican Tea-Partier, rest assured it does not come from a progressive Democrat. And vice versa. It was drawn by the United States Department of Energy, and the United States military's Joint Forces Command concurs with the overall picture.
What does it imply? The supply of the world's most essential energy source is going off a cliff. Not in the distant future, but in a year and a half. Production of all liquid fuels, including oil, will drop within twenty years to half what it is today. And the difference needs to be made up with "unidentified projects", which one of the world's leading petroleum geologists says is just a "euphemism for rank shortage", and the world's foremost oil industry banker says is "faith based".
This graph was prepared for a US Department of Energy [DOE] meeting in spring, 2009. Take a good look at what it says, assuming it to be correct:
1. Conventional oil will be almost all gone in twenty years, and there is nothing known to replace it.
2. Production of petroleum from existing conventional sources has been dropping at a rate slightly over four percent per year for at least a year and will continue to do so for the indefinite future.
3. The graph implies that we are past the peak of production and that there are 750 billion barrels of conventional oil left (the areas under the "conventional" portion of the graph, extrapolated to the right as an exponential). Assuming that the remaining reserves were 900 billion or more at the halfway point, then we are at least 150 billion barrels, or five years, past the midpoint.
4. Total petroleum production from all presently known sources, conventional and unconventional, will remain "flat" at approximately 83 million barrels per day for the next two years and then will proceed to drop for the foreseeable future, at first slowly but by four percent per year after 2015.
5. Demand will begin to outstrip supply in 2012, and will already be ten million barrels per day above supply in only five years. The United States Joint Forces Command concurs with these specific findings {2 at 31}. Ten million barrels per day (bpd) is equivalent to half the United States' entire consumption. To make up the difference, the world would have to find another Saudi Arabia and get it into full production in five years, an impossibility. See The Oil Drum {3}.
5. The production from presently existing conventional sources will plummet from its present 81 million barrels per day (mbpd) to thirty mbpd by 2030, a 63% drop in a twenty-year period.
6. Meeting demand requires discovering, developing, and bringing to full production sixty mbpd (105-45) of "unidentified projects" in the eighteen-year period of 2012 to 2030 and approximately 25 mbpd of such projects by 2020, on the basis of a very conservative estimate of only one percent annual growth in demand. The independent Oxford Institute of Energy Studies has estimated a possible development of 6.5 mbpd of such projects, including the Canadian tar sands, implying a deficit of eighteen to nineteen mbpd as compared to demand, and an approximate fourteen mbpd drop in total liquid fuels production relative to 2012, a sixteen percent drop in eight years.
7. The curve is virtually identical to one produced by geologists Colin Campbell and Jean Laherrere and published in "The End of Cheap Oil", in Scientific American, March 1998, twelve years ago. They projected that production of petroleum from conventional sources would drop from 74 mbpd in 2003 (as compared to 84 mbpd in 2008 in the DOE graph) and drop to 39 mbpd by 2030 (as compared to 39 mbpd by 2030 in the DOE graph!) {4}. Campbell and Laherrere predicted a 2003 "peak", and the above graph implies a "peak" (not necessarily the actual peak, but the midpoint of production of 2005 or before.
So here we are, if the graph is right, on the edge of a precipice, with no prior warning from either the industry, which knows what it possesses, or the collective governments, which ostensibly protect the public interest. As Colin Campbell, a research geologist who has worked for many large oil companies and studied oil depletion extensively {5} says, "The warning signals have been flying for a long time. They have been plain to see, but the world turned a blind eye, and failed to read the message" {6}. The world was completely transformed by oil for the duration of the twentieth century, but if the graph is right, within twenty years it will be virtually gone but our dependence upon it will not. Instead, we have
* zero time to plan how to replace cars in our lives
* zero time to plan how to manufacture and install millions of furnaces to replace home oil furnaces, and zero time to produce the infrastructure necessary to carry out that task
* zero time to retool suburbia so it can function without gasoline
* zero time to plan for replacement of the largest military establishment in history, almost completely dependent upon oil
* zero time to plan to support nine billion peolple without the "green revolution", a creation of the age of oil
* zero time to plan to replace oil as an essential fuel in electricity production
* zero time to plan for preserving millions of miles of roads without asphalt.
* zero time to plan for the replacement of oil in its essential role in EVERY industry.
* zero time to plan for replacement of oil in its exclusive role of transporting people, agricultural produce, manufactured goods. In a world without oil that appears only twenty years away, there will be no oil-burning ships transporting US grain to other countries, there will be no oil-burning airlines linking the world's major cities, there will be no oil-burning ships transporting Chinese manufactured goods to the billions now dependent on them.
* zero time to plan for the survival of the billions of new people expected by 2050 in the aftermath of "peak everything".
* zero capital, because of failing banks ansd public and private debt, to address these issues.
Why zero time?
Because if we at any time use more oil than allowed by the graph, we will have even less later.
Because we are already committed to supporting 2.5 billion more people on what we have.
Because every day we continue upward in our oil consumption, even though we continue to have more people who need it and billions who deserve to rise from abject poverty, we are making the future supply shortage worse.
If you believe the graph, demand will outstrip supply starting at the end of 2011, and severely outstrip supply in five years. What are we going to do, and how are we going to do it? We have no time to decide.
IS THE GRAPH RIGHT?
It is very unlikely that things can be better than the graph indicates. Why?
* The great majority of authorities believe there is little more than one trillion barrels of conventional oil left. You can make a simple calculation from that: At the present rate of thirty billion barrels per year, 82 million barrels per day, it will all be gone in 33 years, and consumption has been rapidly increasing, not decreasing, so if anything it will all be gone sooner.
* A closer look at the graph reveals that it was drawn on the assumption that the world's existing conventional fields contain only 750,000 barrels at this time, enough to keep us going only 25 years.
* The graph assumes a decline rate of four percent per year. As long as the estimates of remaining reserves are right, that can't be far off. In fact, four percent is a relatively low decline rate compared to what has been observed in oil fields generally. Hold on, it's going to be a fast ride down!
* The major oil companies, which presumably know better than we do how much oil is in their possession, "conspicuously fail to invest in new refining capacity, which would surely be needed if production were set to rise" {7}. The excess of refining capacity over demand remained close to ten million bpd during the nineties, but dropped to almost nothing in the last decade as a result of failure to build new capacity {8}. The United States Joint Forces Command has also reported the failure of the oil industry to invest in the refining capacity necessary to permit expanded production, and that "Even were a concerted effort begun today to repair that shortage, it would be ten years before production could catch up with expected demand" {2 at 26}.
* The most frequently discussed significant source of unexploited petroleum is the tar sands of Alberta, Canada. Because a high percentage of the energy value of the tar sands has to be expended in their extraction, the reported quantity of reserves is misleading, and two independent researchers have estimated respectively that production from the tar sands by 2020 may be expected of 3.3 million bpd and four million bpd. Consequently, the likelihood of the tar sands making a significant contribution to the world's petroleum demand in the foreseeable future is low. {9}
* The shortfall, labeled "unidentified projects", that needs to be filled in twenty years is an unprecedented sixty million barrels per day, equivalent to 3/4ths of today's total production. We have never in history done anything comparable to that. Although there are large deposits of "unconventional" oil such as the Canadian tar sands, most are making only slow progress at development and consume as much or more energy in their production as they can generate. The independent Oxford Institute of Energy Studies has estimated a possible development of 6.5 mbpd of such projects, when we'll need more than that every two years just to keep our place. So the likelihood of anything at all making a significant dent in the shortfall is small. Indeed, the "unidentified projects" can be perceived as just a "euphemism for rank shortage" {10}. The United States Joint Forces Command has come to the similar conclusion: that of all potential future energy sources, "None of these provide much reason for optimism" {11}. Petroleum industry investment banker Matt Simmons calls them "faith-based" {12 at 4}.
* The "Hubbert Peak" theory of oil field depreciation, which predicted the peak and subsequent demise of the US oil industry fifteen years in advance and within two years of its occurence, says that with normal production methods, a country reaches peak production in its oil fields when they are fifty percent depleted, with the production curve being bell-shaped {13}. The peak can be postponed with innovative extraction techniques, but this only causes subsequent more rapid decline of the deposits and total extraction if anything decreasing. The world reached the midpoint of its reserves in the last decade, so the 2005 "peak" implied by the above graph is very close to what would be expected.
* Astonishingly, Dr Hubbert in the same 1956 paper predicted, based upon records of only ninety billion barrels of oil having been recovered worldwide, that the peak of world petroleum production would be approximately the year 2000; this apparently quite accurate prediction by Hubbert has largely been forgotten {14}. One is tempted to ask why, if one man could predict the timing of the peak 44 years before it occurred, the United States Department of Energy is incapable of recognizing it after it occurred.
* There's a common feeling that just becase we don't know where the oil is, doesn't mean the Mother Lode isn't right around the corner. But if you've looked everywhere, the chances are a lot slimmer. The lag time between discovery and bringing to full production of a field is thirty to forty years, which means that even the virtually impossible discovery of another Saudi Arabia would barely change the graph above, of production between now and 2030. But no such discoveries are left to be made. The rate of discovery of new conventional oil has been steadily dropping now for FORTY years despite ever-more searching with ever-more-sophisticated technology. There have been two pivotal events: the peak of discovery around 1968, and the day in 1981 when discovery of new oil deposits no longer kept up with production. There is nothing complicated about this. As Campbell says, the warning sign there for anyone to see -
"Discovery reached a peak in the 1960s - despite all the technology we hear so much about, and a worldwide search for the best prospects. It should surprise no one that the corresponding peak of production is now upon us." Indeed, Campbell's second point means that the inevitable peaking of oil production in the early 21st century, should have been clear for all to see since the peaking of discovery in the late sixties.
Campbell does not stand alone. As the US Joint Forces Command observes, "The discovery rate for new oil and gas fields over the last two decades (with the possible exception of Brazil) provides little reason for optimism that future efforts will find major new fields" {2 at 31}.
* Saudi Arabia's largest field, the Ghawar, is now in decline and it appears that the country has nothing to offset that decline. That has led many to conclude that "Peak Oil is a Done Deal" {15}.
IF IT'S A "DONE DEAL", WHY DID IT TAKE UNTIL THE LAST MINUTE TO GET HERE?
It is hard to conceive of an act or omission causing more pain to more people and creatures than the failure of "those in charge" to announce with reasonable forewarning that the oil supply was going to crash. But it is upon us with no forewarning to the general public at all.
The government planning agencies charged with helping the public survive the end of oil could not have performed worse than by recognizing peak oil only after it has happened. Like anthropogenic global warming ("AGW"), "peak oil" has been the subject of decades of denial. Notwithstanding Hubbert's famous coup in pinpointing the peak of US oil production through the simple observation that production naturally peaks when the supply is half gone, few would listen that because the worldwide supply of conventional oil would reach the halfway point in the first decade of this century, trouble was right around the corner. The fact is, coming to that point meant we were in trouble regardless, because the early stages of development of an oil field (like the early stages of growth of virtually anything else) follow an exponential growth curve, and the world's growth addicts love exponential curves, but once you get beyond the halfway point, it is a mathematical certainty that the longer you attempt to conform the field to a pattern of exponential growth, the more the end is going to be precipitous. If you don't decelerate rapidly, that is precisely what has to happen - the decline after the halfway point can only be more rapid than the rise beforehand.
What Hubbert observed with respect to the US oil reserves has an intuitive sense to it - as the amount of oil in the field drops, its pressure drops, so the flow begins to slow down - the gusher goes down to a trickle. But if the owner of the field doesn't make full disclosure of what's there, outsiders can only make educated guesses from general geological principles and what the owner is selling, as to what the future holds. And as we all know, full disclosure is not the name of the game in the oil business.
If the field is just allowed to release its liquid gold at its natural rate, that's not too bad, because observations like the Hubbert Peak can be applied. But as technology improves and well pressure can be jacked up to compensate for declining reserves (for instance by pumping water into the wells), the outside observer loses certainty. There remains information about the company's reserves, but the accuracy of that information is seriously open to question. Within OPEC, which allows its members to market in accordance with the amount of their reserves {17}, there are great temptations to fudge. Outside observers can follow a country's reports on its reserves, but those reports are highly suspect. They will remain constant for years while the country is pumping great amounts of oil without reporting any new discoveries, and indeed they can take sudden leaps upward also without reports of new discoveries. Such "records" lead to the inevitable conclusion that many OPEC reserves reports are fictional. If you would like to see charts of OPEC oil reserves mysteriously contorting themselves, you are invited to take a look at Hart's essay. So if you thought the experts had it all in hand and would reliably warn us when trouble was a'brewin', think again. Not only do OPEC members have internal business reasons to exaggerate their reserves, but companies on the public stock market want to satisfy their stockholders of their long-term viability, and all oil producers want to make their customers confident that they can rely on oil for the long haul. By concealing their future from homeowners, oil companies have made trillions for the real estate business and the banks at the expense of those who chose urban sprawl over dense "near-in" housing, and the companies themselves will make trillions in the near future selling to consumers trapped into oil addiction, who might have sought alternatives more vigorously had they known how close the crash was.
Matt Simmons, the banker who has spent his post-Harvard-Business School career advising oil companies and saving as peak oil advisor to the last Presidential administration and specifically to President Bush, ought to know. And what he says is that Western oil companies like ExxonMobil would be strongly opposed to the idea of transparent data because it would reveal "how crappy and old their fields really are" {18}. According to EnergyStocks.com, Simmons has warned that "the failure of Saudi Arabia and other major oil producers to provide transparent production data has left the world in a lurch, unable to know whether it can maintain an adequate supply of oil in the face of burgeoning demand. Such uncertainty has led to indecision about whether the world should invest the huge sums of money necessary to develop alternative transportation fuel sources."
Just how bad the published reserve figures for the major oil-producing nations are, has long been understood. We like to say that what goes up, must come down, but not OPEC member-nation oil reserves. Their allowed production quotas depend upon their reserves, so there is a built-in temptation to overstate reserves and never reflect in reduiced reserve figures, what they have pumped out. In 1988, the OPEC oil reserves "magically and miraculously increased twofold", without any corresponding discovery of new fields. The officially reported reserves follow graphs that would be comical were it not for the fact that 6.8 billion people, and counting, depend upon the real numbers. {19}
Now we are facing the consequences of the major oil producers "leaving the world in a lurch": almost complete inability to cope with the severe difficulties we face in transporting, feeding, housing, and keeping warm the burgeoning billions of our numbers. It is hard to conceive of how any private entity could impose so much pain on so many. It didn't need to be that way. The US Government and its cohorts around the world could have imposed transparency on the oil companies as to their true reserves, and we would have had fair warning and the possibility of coping. Yes, and the moon could be made of green cheese.
Of course, as noted, it is possible to produce a graph roughly like the one above with nothing more than production data and reserves data. The former are public, and the latter are known to a limited extent. It has been the consensus of decisionmakers for many years that the world had a total (both produced and still in the ground) of approximately two trillion barrels of conventional oil, and as pointed out by Campbell, four decades of dwindling discoveries have left us with an absolute inability to increase available reserves in a timely manner to mitigate the looming shortfall. The two trillion barrel figure was absolutely critical for doing what planning could be done, but at the beginning of the last decade, the US broke ranks with the consensus of the rest of the world, declared through the historically-reliable US Geological Survey (USGS) that world reserves of conventional oil (both consumed and yet-to-be-consumed) were in fact in the neighborhood of three trillion barrels rather than two, a claim which if true immediately provided the world by sleight of hand with an extra thirty years' supply at present consumption rates. To be sure, USGS former employees disputed its estimates as relying "heavily on guesses to calculate new oil discoveries", and on doubling the usual thirty percent recovery rate from reserves "with no technology in mind capable of doing that". {20} The concerns about overestimation of discoveries proved correct: they continued on their downward track. This alone created a discrepancy between the USGS projections and reality of approximately 900 billion barrels. At the same time, the production data appeared to peak in 2005, prominent Princeton University petroleum geologist Kenneth Deffeyes predicted that 2005 was the year {21}, and Simmons suggested similar concerns {22}. Nonetheless, based upon the USGS wishful thinking, during the Bush Administration, the Department of Energy was forecasting a "production peak somewhere between 2021 and the start of the next century, with 2037 the most likely date" {23}. Not to worry.
With the peak imminent in reality, like the global warming "scientific skeptics", industry in 2006 came up with a "theory" published in a non-peer-reviewed report, that "peak oil" was in its totality a false concept, and that the true behavior of an oil field or conglomeration thereof was a peak followed by an "undulating plateau" and then a gentle decline by around two percent per year, years, perhaps decades later. According to Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA), "It is likely that the situation will unfold in slow motion and that there are a number of decades to prepare for the start of the undulating plateau. This means that there is time to consider the best way to develop viable energy alternatives that would eventually provide the bulk of our transport energy needs." {24} Not to worry.
CERA faulted the "peak oil" proponents with failure to take into acount the facts that reserve estimates evolve with time and that so does the technology used in extracting oil. The criticism is disingenuous given that the industry refuses to disclose either the technology it is using at any one time or its true reserves, and the reserve estimates evolve with time more for political reasons than geological ones. The facts the proponents of "peak oil" fail to take into account are facts that the industry will not disclose. As Simmons has pointed out, "With solid global field-by-field production data, Peak Oil timing could be proved". And, or course, if the "undulating plateau" theory is correct, all the industry has to do is to disclose their true facts to prove it, but they won't. Regardless, average decline rates of an oil supply are dictated by only two numbers: how fast we are now using the oil, and how much is left. Lower decline rates now mean higher decline rates later. Those are immutable facts even if the "undulating plateau" is correct. So to avoid a rapid decline in available oil, we must discover and bring to production staggeringly large new supplies, right now today. Nonetheless, the CERA "theory" has sufficiently intimidated the bureaucrats that DOE's official position at the moment, as expressed to Le Monde, notwithstanding the graph, is that we are "entering a plateau" {25}.
At the same time all of this was happening, the UN, the US Congress, the Obama Administration and the oil industry were negotiating over goals for global warming legislation. Miraculously, although arguably coincidentally, the percentage-reduction goals agreed to fit quite precisely the percentage reductions in oil consumption that will be physically forced upon us all if you believe the above graph: an eighteen percent drop from 2005 by 2020, and an 85% drop from 2005 by 2050. (It is possible to extrapolate the graph, which assumes exponentially dropping levels of existing reserves at a four percent per year rate.) This compares to reductions of carbon dioxide emissions seventeen percent from 2005 in 2020 and eighty percent from 2005 in 2050 in the bill. So it would appear that the legislative goals have been set, for whatever reason, so that the oil industry will have to do little if anything it won't have to do in any event because of dwindling reserves. {26} It is hard to see how the negotiators could have come up with such correspondence if they had not all been aware of the impending crash of production and the expected decline rate. Coincidence? Maybe, but somehow it seems unlikely. Whether or not by intent, the goals fit the needs of the oil companies rather than the needs calculated by the scientists.
In short, with all the evidence available, it is hard to see how the industry and the Department of Energy could have failed to see this coming. Their failure to warn the public, given the consequences, verges on the criminal. And if somehow they can claim innocence, then we still have to ask why they did not heed the warning of Matt Simmons, advisor on peak oil to the Bush administration, as to the importance of transparency. But they did not, and here we are.
CONCLUSIONS
We are on our own. We are rapidly going to have to deal with less and less oil, since there has been no forewarning and no planning. It is a time for communities to prepare for community energy independence, because only that way will be safe. This means relying on the sun and wind and water that have always been with us. It means cooperation with each other to get through seriously difficult times. It means finding alternatives to oil throughout our lives as quickly as possible - the oil that runs our cars, the oil that heats our houses, the oil that runs generators for our electricity, the oil from which chemical fertilizers and insecticides and plastics and polyester are made, the oil that brings countless manufactured goods to us from overseas, the oil on which farmers depend for irrigation pumps, for transporting produce to market, for working the soil to bring us food. If you believe the graph, it will almost all be gone in twenty years. And the progressives and Tea-Partyers must remember that the people who brought this calamity to us are not our friends but are people we trusted and they trusted, so we must work together to cope with the mess that is upon us, and "to throw the rascals out".
NOTES AND LINKS:
{1} http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/eia1.jpg
{2} http://www.jfcom.mil/newslink/storyarchive/2010/JOE_2010_o.pdf
{3} http://www.theoildrum.com/node/5154
{4} http://www.jala.com/energy1.php
{5} http://www.peakoil.net/about-aspo/dr-colin-campbell
{6} http://www.greatchange.org/ov-campbell,outlook.html
{7} http://www.greatchange.org/ov-campbell,outlook.html
{8} http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/chp1pdf/fig1_21.pdf
{9} http://www.energybulletin.net/node/30537
{10} http://www.greatchange.org/ov-campbell,outlook.html
{11} http://www.jfcom.mil/newslink/storyarchive/2010/JOE_2010_o.pdf
{12} http://www.simmonsco-intl.com/files/Northern%20Trust%20Bank.pdf
{13} http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/1956/1956.pdf
{14} http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/1956/1956.pdf
{15} http://www.energybulletin.net/node/45940
{16} http://www.enopetroleum.com/opecoilreservers.html
{17} Hart, "Introduction to Peak Oil", www.philhart.com/content/introduction-peak-oil
{18} EnergyTechStocks.com, "Meeting the Challenge Matt Simmons: Force All Oil Producers to Give Transparent Data".
{19} http://www.enopetroleum.com/opecoilreservers.html
{20} Gordon, "Worries Swelling Over Oil Shortage", Energy Bulletin March 20 2005.
{21} http://www.energybulletin.net/node/4835
{22} http://www.simmonsco-intl.com/files/Northern%20Trust%20Bank.pdf (page 31)
{23} http://www.energybulletin.net/node/4835
{24} www.cera.com/aspx/cda/public1/about/about.aspx
{25} petrole.blog.lemonde.fr:80/2010/03/25/washington-considers-a-decline-of-world-oil-production-as-of-2011/
{26} http://ecoglobe.ch/energy/e/peak9423.htm
_____
The author, Nicholas C Arguimbau, is an appellate and environmental lawyer licensed in California and residing in Western Massachusetts. He may be contacted at narguimbau@earthlink.net.
In accordance with Title 17 USC Section 107, this material is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. Information Clearing House has no affiliation whatsoever with the originator of this article nor is Information Clearing House endorsed or sponsored by the originator.
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http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article25306.htm
Bill Totten http://www.ashisuto.co.jp/english/index.html
by Nicholas C Arguimbau
Information Clearing House (April 23 2010)
Look at this graph {1} and be afraid. It does not come from Earth First. It does not come from the Sierra Club. It was not drawn by Socialists or Nazis or Osama Bin Laden or anyone from Goldman-Sachs. If you are a Republican Tea-Partier, rest assured it does not come from a progressive Democrat. And vice versa. It was drawn by the United States Department of Energy, and the United States military's Joint Forces Command concurs with the overall picture.
What does it imply? The supply of the world's most essential energy source is going off a cliff. Not in the distant future, but in a year and a half. Production of all liquid fuels, including oil, will drop within twenty years to half what it is today. And the difference needs to be made up with "unidentified projects", which one of the world's leading petroleum geologists says is just a "euphemism for rank shortage", and the world's foremost oil industry banker says is "faith based".
This graph was prepared for a US Department of Energy [DOE] meeting in spring, 2009. Take a good look at what it says, assuming it to be correct:
1. Conventional oil will be almost all gone in twenty years, and there is nothing known to replace it.
2. Production of petroleum from existing conventional sources has been dropping at a rate slightly over four percent per year for at least a year and will continue to do so for the indefinite future.
3. The graph implies that we are past the peak of production and that there are 750 billion barrels of conventional oil left (the areas under the "conventional" portion of the graph, extrapolated to the right as an exponential). Assuming that the remaining reserves were 900 billion or more at the halfway point, then we are at least 150 billion barrels, or five years, past the midpoint.
4. Total petroleum production from all presently known sources, conventional and unconventional, will remain "flat" at approximately 83 million barrels per day for the next two years and then will proceed to drop for the foreseeable future, at first slowly but by four percent per year after 2015.
5. Demand will begin to outstrip supply in 2012, and will already be ten million barrels per day above supply in only five years. The United States Joint Forces Command concurs with these specific findings {2 at 31}. Ten million barrels per day (bpd) is equivalent to half the United States' entire consumption. To make up the difference, the world would have to find another Saudi Arabia and get it into full production in five years, an impossibility. See The Oil Drum {3}.
5. The production from presently existing conventional sources will plummet from its present 81 million barrels per day (mbpd) to thirty mbpd by 2030, a 63% drop in a twenty-year period.
6. Meeting demand requires discovering, developing, and bringing to full production sixty mbpd (105-45) of "unidentified projects" in the eighteen-year period of 2012 to 2030 and approximately 25 mbpd of such projects by 2020, on the basis of a very conservative estimate of only one percent annual growth in demand. The independent Oxford Institute of Energy Studies has estimated a possible development of 6.5 mbpd of such projects, including the Canadian tar sands, implying a deficit of eighteen to nineteen mbpd as compared to demand, and an approximate fourteen mbpd drop in total liquid fuels production relative to 2012, a sixteen percent drop in eight years.
7. The curve is virtually identical to one produced by geologists Colin Campbell and Jean Laherrere and published in "The End of Cheap Oil", in Scientific American, March 1998, twelve years ago. They projected that production of petroleum from conventional sources would drop from 74 mbpd in 2003 (as compared to 84 mbpd in 2008 in the DOE graph) and drop to 39 mbpd by 2030 (as compared to 39 mbpd by 2030 in the DOE graph!) {4}. Campbell and Laherrere predicted a 2003 "peak", and the above graph implies a "peak" (not necessarily the actual peak, but the midpoint of production of 2005 or before.
So here we are, if the graph is right, on the edge of a precipice, with no prior warning from either the industry, which knows what it possesses, or the collective governments, which ostensibly protect the public interest. As Colin Campbell, a research geologist who has worked for many large oil companies and studied oil depletion extensively {5} says, "The warning signals have been flying for a long time. They have been plain to see, but the world turned a blind eye, and failed to read the message" {6}. The world was completely transformed by oil for the duration of the twentieth century, but if the graph is right, within twenty years it will be virtually gone but our dependence upon it will not. Instead, we have
* zero time to plan how to replace cars in our lives
* zero time to plan how to manufacture and install millions of furnaces to replace home oil furnaces, and zero time to produce the infrastructure necessary to carry out that task
* zero time to retool suburbia so it can function without gasoline
* zero time to plan for replacement of the largest military establishment in history, almost completely dependent upon oil
* zero time to plan to support nine billion peolple without the "green revolution", a creation of the age of oil
* zero time to plan to replace oil as an essential fuel in electricity production
* zero time to plan for preserving millions of miles of roads without asphalt.
* zero time to plan for the replacement of oil in its essential role in EVERY industry.
* zero time to plan for replacement of oil in its exclusive role of transporting people, agricultural produce, manufactured goods. In a world without oil that appears only twenty years away, there will be no oil-burning ships transporting US grain to other countries, there will be no oil-burning airlines linking the world's major cities, there will be no oil-burning ships transporting Chinese manufactured goods to the billions now dependent on them.
* zero time to plan for the survival of the billions of new people expected by 2050 in the aftermath of "peak everything".
* zero capital, because of failing banks ansd public and private debt, to address these issues.
Why zero time?
Because if we at any time use more oil than allowed by the graph, we will have even less later.
Because we are already committed to supporting 2.5 billion more people on what we have.
Because every day we continue upward in our oil consumption, even though we continue to have more people who need it and billions who deserve to rise from abject poverty, we are making the future supply shortage worse.
If you believe the graph, demand will outstrip supply starting at the end of 2011, and severely outstrip supply in five years. What are we going to do, and how are we going to do it? We have no time to decide.
IS THE GRAPH RIGHT?
It is very unlikely that things can be better than the graph indicates. Why?
* The great majority of authorities believe there is little more than one trillion barrels of conventional oil left. You can make a simple calculation from that: At the present rate of thirty billion barrels per year, 82 million barrels per day, it will all be gone in 33 years, and consumption has been rapidly increasing, not decreasing, so if anything it will all be gone sooner.
* A closer look at the graph reveals that it was drawn on the assumption that the world's existing conventional fields contain only 750,000 barrels at this time, enough to keep us going only 25 years.
* The graph assumes a decline rate of four percent per year. As long as the estimates of remaining reserves are right, that can't be far off. In fact, four percent is a relatively low decline rate compared to what has been observed in oil fields generally. Hold on, it's going to be a fast ride down!
* The major oil companies, which presumably know better than we do how much oil is in their possession, "conspicuously fail to invest in new refining capacity, which would surely be needed if production were set to rise" {7}. The excess of refining capacity over demand remained close to ten million bpd during the nineties, but dropped to almost nothing in the last decade as a result of failure to build new capacity {8}. The United States Joint Forces Command has also reported the failure of the oil industry to invest in the refining capacity necessary to permit expanded production, and that "Even were a concerted effort begun today to repair that shortage, it would be ten years before production could catch up with expected demand" {2 at 26}.
* The most frequently discussed significant source of unexploited petroleum is the tar sands of Alberta, Canada. Because a high percentage of the energy value of the tar sands has to be expended in their extraction, the reported quantity of reserves is misleading, and two independent researchers have estimated respectively that production from the tar sands by 2020 may be expected of 3.3 million bpd and four million bpd. Consequently, the likelihood of the tar sands making a significant contribution to the world's petroleum demand in the foreseeable future is low. {9}
* The shortfall, labeled "unidentified projects", that needs to be filled in twenty years is an unprecedented sixty million barrels per day, equivalent to 3/4ths of today's total production. We have never in history done anything comparable to that. Although there are large deposits of "unconventional" oil such as the Canadian tar sands, most are making only slow progress at development and consume as much or more energy in their production as they can generate. The independent Oxford Institute of Energy Studies has estimated a possible development of 6.5 mbpd of such projects, when we'll need more than that every two years just to keep our place. So the likelihood of anything at all making a significant dent in the shortfall is small. Indeed, the "unidentified projects" can be perceived as just a "euphemism for rank shortage" {10}. The United States Joint Forces Command has come to the similar conclusion: that of all potential future energy sources, "None of these provide much reason for optimism" {11}. Petroleum industry investment banker Matt Simmons calls them "faith-based" {12 at 4}.
* The "Hubbert Peak" theory of oil field depreciation, which predicted the peak and subsequent demise of the US oil industry fifteen years in advance and within two years of its occurence, says that with normal production methods, a country reaches peak production in its oil fields when they are fifty percent depleted, with the production curve being bell-shaped {13}. The peak can be postponed with innovative extraction techniques, but this only causes subsequent more rapid decline of the deposits and total extraction if anything decreasing. The world reached the midpoint of its reserves in the last decade, so the 2005 "peak" implied by the above graph is very close to what would be expected.
* Astonishingly, Dr Hubbert in the same 1956 paper predicted, based upon records of only ninety billion barrels of oil having been recovered worldwide, that the peak of world petroleum production would be approximately the year 2000; this apparently quite accurate prediction by Hubbert has largely been forgotten {14}. One is tempted to ask why, if one man could predict the timing of the peak 44 years before it occurred, the United States Department of Energy is incapable of recognizing it after it occurred.
* There's a common feeling that just becase we don't know where the oil is, doesn't mean the Mother Lode isn't right around the corner. But if you've looked everywhere, the chances are a lot slimmer. The lag time between discovery and bringing to full production of a field is thirty to forty years, which means that even the virtually impossible discovery of another Saudi Arabia would barely change the graph above, of production between now and 2030. But no such discoveries are left to be made. The rate of discovery of new conventional oil has been steadily dropping now for FORTY years despite ever-more searching with ever-more-sophisticated technology. There have been two pivotal events: the peak of discovery around 1968, and the day in 1981 when discovery of new oil deposits no longer kept up with production. There is nothing complicated about this. As Campbell says, the warning sign there for anyone to see -
"simply recognized two undeniable facts":
-- You have to find oil before you can produce it
-- Production has to mirror discovery after a time lag
"Discovery reached a peak in the 1960s - despite all the technology we hear so much about, and a worldwide search for the best prospects. It should surprise no one that the corresponding peak of production is now upon us." Indeed, Campbell's second point means that the inevitable peaking of oil production in the early 21st century, should have been clear for all to see since the peaking of discovery in the late sixties.
Campbell does not stand alone. As the US Joint Forces Command observes, "The discovery rate for new oil and gas fields over the last two decades (with the possible exception of Brazil) provides little reason for optimism that future efforts will find major new fields" {2 at 31}.
* Saudi Arabia's largest field, the Ghawar, is now in decline and it appears that the country has nothing to offset that decline. That has led many to conclude that "Peak Oil is a Done Deal" {15}.
IF IT'S A "DONE DEAL", WHY DID IT TAKE UNTIL THE LAST MINUTE TO GET HERE?
"We can wish it, we can dream it, but it will never be, oil is not renewable, and therefore in time it must be realized that THERE WILL BE NO OIL".
-- ENO Petroleum Corporation, "Peak Oil - The Global Oil Crisis" {16}.
It is hard to conceive of an act or omission causing more pain to more people and creatures than the failure of "those in charge" to announce with reasonable forewarning that the oil supply was going to crash. But it is upon us with no forewarning to the general public at all.
The government planning agencies charged with helping the public survive the end of oil could not have performed worse than by recognizing peak oil only after it has happened. Like anthropogenic global warming ("AGW"), "peak oil" has been the subject of decades of denial. Notwithstanding Hubbert's famous coup in pinpointing the peak of US oil production through the simple observation that production naturally peaks when the supply is half gone, few would listen that because the worldwide supply of conventional oil would reach the halfway point in the first decade of this century, trouble was right around the corner. The fact is, coming to that point meant we were in trouble regardless, because the early stages of development of an oil field (like the early stages of growth of virtually anything else) follow an exponential growth curve, and the world's growth addicts love exponential curves, but once you get beyond the halfway point, it is a mathematical certainty that the longer you attempt to conform the field to a pattern of exponential growth, the more the end is going to be precipitous. If you don't decelerate rapidly, that is precisely what has to happen - the decline after the halfway point can only be more rapid than the rise beforehand.
What Hubbert observed with respect to the US oil reserves has an intuitive sense to it - as the amount of oil in the field drops, its pressure drops, so the flow begins to slow down - the gusher goes down to a trickle. But if the owner of the field doesn't make full disclosure of what's there, outsiders can only make educated guesses from general geological principles and what the owner is selling, as to what the future holds. And as we all know, full disclosure is not the name of the game in the oil business.
If the field is just allowed to release its liquid gold at its natural rate, that's not too bad, because observations like the Hubbert Peak can be applied. But as technology improves and well pressure can be jacked up to compensate for declining reserves (for instance by pumping water into the wells), the outside observer loses certainty. There remains information about the company's reserves, but the accuracy of that information is seriously open to question. Within OPEC, which allows its members to market in accordance with the amount of their reserves {17}, there are great temptations to fudge. Outside observers can follow a country's reports on its reserves, but those reports are highly suspect. They will remain constant for years while the country is pumping great amounts of oil without reporting any new discoveries, and indeed they can take sudden leaps upward also without reports of new discoveries. Such "records" lead to the inevitable conclusion that many OPEC reserves reports are fictional. If you would like to see charts of OPEC oil reserves mysteriously contorting themselves, you are invited to take a look at Hart's essay. So if you thought the experts had it all in hand and would reliably warn us when trouble was a'brewin', think again. Not only do OPEC members have internal business reasons to exaggerate their reserves, but companies on the public stock market want to satisfy their stockholders of their long-term viability, and all oil producers want to make their customers confident that they can rely on oil for the long haul. By concealing their future from homeowners, oil companies have made trillions for the real estate business and the banks at the expense of those who chose urban sprawl over dense "near-in" housing, and the companies themselves will make trillions in the near future selling to consumers trapped into oil addiction, who might have sought alternatives more vigorously had they known how close the crash was.
Matt Simmons, the banker who has spent his post-Harvard-Business School career advising oil companies and saving as peak oil advisor to the last Presidential administration and specifically to President Bush, ought to know. And what he says is that Western oil companies like ExxonMobil would be strongly opposed to the idea of transparent data because it would reveal "how crappy and old their fields really are" {18}. According to EnergyStocks.com, Simmons has warned that "the failure of Saudi Arabia and other major oil producers to provide transparent production data has left the world in a lurch, unable to know whether it can maintain an adequate supply of oil in the face of burgeoning demand. Such uncertainty has led to indecision about whether the world should invest the huge sums of money necessary to develop alternative transportation fuel sources."
Just how bad the published reserve figures for the major oil-producing nations are, has long been understood. We like to say that what goes up, must come down, but not OPEC member-nation oil reserves. Their allowed production quotas depend upon their reserves, so there is a built-in temptation to overstate reserves and never reflect in reduiced reserve figures, what they have pumped out. In 1988, the OPEC oil reserves "magically and miraculously increased twofold", without any corresponding discovery of new fields. The officially reported reserves follow graphs that would be comical were it not for the fact that 6.8 billion people, and counting, depend upon the real numbers. {19}
Now we are facing the consequences of the major oil producers "leaving the world in a lurch": almost complete inability to cope with the severe difficulties we face in transporting, feeding, housing, and keeping warm the burgeoning billions of our numbers. It is hard to conceive of how any private entity could impose so much pain on so many. It didn't need to be that way. The US Government and its cohorts around the world could have imposed transparency on the oil companies as to their true reserves, and we would have had fair warning and the possibility of coping. Yes, and the moon could be made of green cheese.
Of course, as noted, it is possible to produce a graph roughly like the one above with nothing more than production data and reserves data. The former are public, and the latter are known to a limited extent. It has been the consensus of decisionmakers for many years that the world had a total (both produced and still in the ground) of approximately two trillion barrels of conventional oil, and as pointed out by Campbell, four decades of dwindling discoveries have left us with an absolute inability to increase available reserves in a timely manner to mitigate the looming shortfall. The two trillion barrel figure was absolutely critical for doing what planning could be done, but at the beginning of the last decade, the US broke ranks with the consensus of the rest of the world, declared through the historically-reliable US Geological Survey (USGS) that world reserves of conventional oil (both consumed and yet-to-be-consumed) were in fact in the neighborhood of three trillion barrels rather than two, a claim which if true immediately provided the world by sleight of hand with an extra thirty years' supply at present consumption rates. To be sure, USGS former employees disputed its estimates as relying "heavily on guesses to calculate new oil discoveries", and on doubling the usual thirty percent recovery rate from reserves "with no technology in mind capable of doing that". {20} The concerns about overestimation of discoveries proved correct: they continued on their downward track. This alone created a discrepancy between the USGS projections and reality of approximately 900 billion barrels. At the same time, the production data appeared to peak in 2005, prominent Princeton University petroleum geologist Kenneth Deffeyes predicted that 2005 was the year {21}, and Simmons suggested similar concerns {22}. Nonetheless, based upon the USGS wishful thinking, during the Bush Administration, the Department of Energy was forecasting a "production peak somewhere between 2021 and the start of the next century, with 2037 the most likely date" {23}. Not to worry.
With the peak imminent in reality, like the global warming "scientific skeptics", industry in 2006 came up with a "theory" published in a non-peer-reviewed report, that "peak oil" was in its totality a false concept, and that the true behavior of an oil field or conglomeration thereof was a peak followed by an "undulating plateau" and then a gentle decline by around two percent per year, years, perhaps decades later. According to Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA), "It is likely that the situation will unfold in slow motion and that there are a number of decades to prepare for the start of the undulating plateau. This means that there is time to consider the best way to develop viable energy alternatives that would eventually provide the bulk of our transport energy needs." {24} Not to worry.
CERA faulted the "peak oil" proponents with failure to take into acount the facts that reserve estimates evolve with time and that so does the technology used in extracting oil. The criticism is disingenuous given that the industry refuses to disclose either the technology it is using at any one time or its true reserves, and the reserve estimates evolve with time more for political reasons than geological ones. The facts the proponents of "peak oil" fail to take into account are facts that the industry will not disclose. As Simmons has pointed out, "With solid global field-by-field production data, Peak Oil timing could be proved". And, or course, if the "undulating plateau" theory is correct, all the industry has to do is to disclose their true facts to prove it, but they won't. Regardless, average decline rates of an oil supply are dictated by only two numbers: how fast we are now using the oil, and how much is left. Lower decline rates now mean higher decline rates later. Those are immutable facts even if the "undulating plateau" is correct. So to avoid a rapid decline in available oil, we must discover and bring to production staggeringly large new supplies, right now today. Nonetheless, the CERA "theory" has sufficiently intimidated the bureaucrats that DOE's official position at the moment, as expressed to Le Monde, notwithstanding the graph, is that we are "entering a plateau" {25}.
At the same time all of this was happening, the UN, the US Congress, the Obama Administration and the oil industry were negotiating over goals for global warming legislation. Miraculously, although arguably coincidentally, the percentage-reduction goals agreed to fit quite precisely the percentage reductions in oil consumption that will be physically forced upon us all if you believe the above graph: an eighteen percent drop from 2005 by 2020, and an 85% drop from 2005 by 2050. (It is possible to extrapolate the graph, which assumes exponentially dropping levels of existing reserves at a four percent per year rate.) This compares to reductions of carbon dioxide emissions seventeen percent from 2005 in 2020 and eighty percent from 2005 in 2050 in the bill. So it would appear that the legislative goals have been set, for whatever reason, so that the oil industry will have to do little if anything it won't have to do in any event because of dwindling reserves. {26} It is hard to see how the negotiators could have come up with such correspondence if they had not all been aware of the impending crash of production and the expected decline rate. Coincidence? Maybe, but somehow it seems unlikely. Whether or not by intent, the goals fit the needs of the oil companies rather than the needs calculated by the scientists.
In short, with all the evidence available, it is hard to see how the industry and the Department of Energy could have failed to see this coming. Their failure to warn the public, given the consequences, verges on the criminal. And if somehow they can claim innocence, then we still have to ask why they did not heed the warning of Matt Simmons, advisor on peak oil to the Bush administration, as to the importance of transparency. But they did not, and here we are.
CONCLUSIONS
We are on our own. We are rapidly going to have to deal with less and less oil, since there has been no forewarning and no planning. It is a time for communities to prepare for community energy independence, because only that way will be safe. This means relying on the sun and wind and water that have always been with us. It means cooperation with each other to get through seriously difficult times. It means finding alternatives to oil throughout our lives as quickly as possible - the oil that runs our cars, the oil that heats our houses, the oil that runs generators for our electricity, the oil from which chemical fertilizers and insecticides and plastics and polyester are made, the oil that brings countless manufactured goods to us from overseas, the oil on which farmers depend for irrigation pumps, for transporting produce to market, for working the soil to bring us food. If you believe the graph, it will almost all be gone in twenty years. And the progressives and Tea-Partyers must remember that the people who brought this calamity to us are not our friends but are people we trusted and they trusted, so we must work together to cope with the mess that is upon us, and "to throw the rascals out".
NOTES AND LINKS:
{1} http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/eia1.jpg
{2} http://www.jfcom.mil/newslink/storyarchive/2010/JOE_2010_o.pdf
{3} http://www.theoildrum.com/node/5154
{4} http://www.jala.com/energy1.php
{5} http://www.peakoil.net/about-aspo/dr-colin-campbell
{6} http://www.greatchange.org/ov-campbell,outlook.html
{7} http://www.greatchange.org/ov-campbell,outlook.html
{8} http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/chp1pdf/fig1_21.pdf
{9} http://www.energybulletin.net/node/30537
{10} http://www.greatchange.org/ov-campbell,outlook.html
{11} http://www.jfcom.mil/newslink/storyarchive/2010/JOE_2010_o.pdf
{12} http://www.simmonsco-intl.com/files/Northern%20Trust%20Bank.pdf
{13} http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/1956/1956.pdf
{14} http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/1956/1956.pdf
{15} http://www.energybulletin.net/node/45940
{16} http://www.enopetroleum.com/opecoilreservers.html
{17} Hart, "Introduction to Peak Oil", www.philhart.com/content/introduction-peak-oil
{18} EnergyTechStocks.com, "Meeting the Challenge Matt Simmons: Force All Oil Producers to Give Transparent Data".
{19} http://www.enopetroleum.com/opecoilreservers.html
{20} Gordon, "Worries Swelling Over Oil Shortage", Energy Bulletin March 20 2005.
{21} http://www.energybulletin.net/node/4835
{22} http://www.simmonsco-intl.com/files/Northern%20Trust%20Bank.pdf (page 31)
{23} http://www.energybulletin.net/node/4835
{24} www.cera.com/aspx/cda/public1/about/about.aspx
{25} petrole.blog.lemonde.fr:80/2010/03/25/washington-considers-a-decline-of-world-oil-production-as-of-2011/
{26} http://ecoglobe.ch/energy/e/peak9423.htm
_____
The author, Nicholas C Arguimbau, is an appellate and environmental lawyer licensed in California and residing in Western Massachusetts. He may be contacted at narguimbau@earthlink.net.
In accordance with Title 17 USC Section 107, this material is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. Information Clearing House has no affiliation whatsoever with the originator of this article nor is Information Clearing House endorsed or sponsored by the originator.
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http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article25306.htm
Bill Totten http://www.ashisuto.co.jp/english/index.html
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